2022 Space for Species : Redefining Spatial Justice, Tartu 25 - 29th July
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Browsing 2022 Space for Species : Redefining Spatial Justice, Tartu 25 - 29th July by Issue Date
Now showing 1 - 20 of 45
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Publication Open Access Incorporating Smart Technologies for Energy Sufficiency in Built Environment of Developing Countries : An Architect's Perspective(AESOP, 2022) Sanyal, DebashisThis is a burning problem of present era. The present unplanned and uncontrolled growth of housing cares little about energy conservation aspects. Sometimes even providing minimum energy to all households is not becoming possible by the local authorities. Studies reveal that around 18% of total energy consumption of mankind is in housing sector. It is necessary to consider energy conservation techniques before, during and after construction; as energy can be saved considerably in each stage. Over 80% of the embodied energy in mass housing is the energy required to manufacture the materials. Most of this energy usage is for manufacturing only a small number of the (high-energy) materials used in construction of housing units, principally steel products, cement, concrete products, bricks and ceramic materials. This embodied energy amounts to several times the annual energy consumption of that same housing in use. Energy is used wastefully in heat recovery processes, insulation techniques, and simple orientation concerns. Architectural lighting & space heating/ cooling are also two of the largest and most visible consumers of energy. A properly designed energy efficient housing will have a lower initial cost than one planned disregarding energy consequences. This cost advantage derives mainly from smaller building volume & lower energy demands. . The conventional centralized energy distribution network accounts for high transmission losses (ranging from 9 to 20% at times). In Indian context grid loss sometimes reach upto 35%. The energy consumption in residential structures accounts considerably high than other buildings, also it is a recurring ever cost increasing phenomena. It is very difficult to remain in the city and save energy beyond a certain limit without compromising the present day materialistic lifestyle by the city dweller households.Publication Open Access Beyond global gains and local pains - Spacial inequality of Hinterland logistics(AESOP, 2022) Nefs, MertenTrade infrastructure and logistical activities have long been a source of prosperity as well as nuisance. The gains and pains of logistics, however, are not distributed equally across regions and cities. Important trade hubs such as Rotterdam or Chicago have built strong trade institutions and accumulated urban wealth, hereby making a successful trade-off between the global gains of trade and the local pains of congestion and pollution (Cronon, 1991; Kuipers et al., 2018). Since the rise of global supply chains, such hubs have grown beyond their city boundaries and formed logistical hinterlands. These extensive areas appear to represent a less favourable trade-off between gains and pains, judging by the increasing criticism against distribution centre developments, regarding landscape degradation, congestion (CRa et al., 2019) and precarious jobs (Bergeijk, 2019). In the hinterland of Rotterdam, the building footprint of logistics has increased fourfold since 1980 (Nefs, 2022), while congestion and labour shortages have also increased steeply and the planning system has been decentralized, giving more responsibility to local governments (Nefs et al., 2022). This paper discusses whether hinterland logistics can be regarded as a spatial justice issue, and how this may be reflected in the local spatial planning discourse. The concept of spatial justice emerged in the early 1970s, when Harvey and other geographers applied Rawls' (1971) theory on fair distribution of gains and pains to planning, which has gained traction in recent years (Rocco and Newton, 2020; Soja, 2010). This not only relates to infrastructures and spaces, but also the distribution of “financial, environmental and social benefits and burdens issued from urban development.” (spatialjustice.blog) Since public goods and negative externalities such as noise are not equally distributed geographically, accessibility as well as proximity play an important role in a spatial justice discourse. As Bret (2018) explains, geographical scales used in such discourses should also be seen as social constructs, which may be used to legitimize the outsourcing of pains to other territories and not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) positions. The procedural aspects of spatial justice, or how a planning system may enhance the fair distribution of gains and pains, have been explored by Healey (1996) and Ostrom (2015). Moroni (2020) reminds us that distributive justice cannot cover the full range of social justice issues, since not all goods are scarce, divisible and transferable. This also applies to aspects discussed in this paper, such as e-commerce and nitrogen emissions. The Dutch planning system, rooted in democratic water and land management, often faces land scarcity in light of economic and ecological ambitions. It is therefore understood to have the necessary institutions and motivation to enhance spatial justice (Michels, 2006; Salet, 2018).Publication Open Access Culture, Productive Heritage and Spatial Development(AESOP, 2022) Scaffidi, FedericaCulture is an important driver of innovation for heritage management and spatial development. In recent years, many scholars have analysed this phenomenon to understand the effects on the territory (Dodd, 2020). Culture indeed has a transformative ability to create new flows and growth in the urban space. It positively affects the enhancement of local resources, and promotes social interaction and community spaces (Clark & Wise, 2018). In recent years, much attention has been given to the creative regeneration of marginalised heritage, such as productive heritage (Areces, 2005; Scaffidi, 2021). In Europe there are many cases that have recycled disused heritage through art and culture. At the heart of the debate are innovative communities, where cultural initiatives, art exhibitions, alternative forms of education and cooperation keep heritage alive. These are places often managed by social enterprises that involve citizens and local governments. These innovative social enterprises indeed promote the creative reactivation of neglected assets through cultural activities, services, and community involvement. Numerous studies have shown that these centres are able to create open and inclusive urban spaces (Scaffidi 2021; Schröder, 2018). They foster moments of debate and social interaction (Walker et al. 2004). These cultural enterprises aim to innovate in the art sector with new management models that promote culture, through social innovation practices. Many policies have been developed to support these enterprises to enhance local assets (Cerreta et Al., 2021). They promote a more open governance that includes stakeholders in decision-making processes, which innovates the development of assets culturally, socially, economically and environmentally. The research aims to discuss the importance of innovative cultural centres for the development of cities and the reactivation of underused heritage. Considering this purpose, the research examines specific examples where socio-cultural actions have been the driving force behind the creative regeneration of productive assets and spatial innovation. Today, creativity is an important factor in urban transformation. Culture enhances the innovative capacities of a society and plays a relevant role in spatial reactivation. The socio-cultural dimension is explicitly expressed in some examples of heritage reactivation.Publication Open Access Regional Planning Gamification : A Game-Based Approach for Activating Regional Planning Strategies(AESOP, 2022) Stiewing, Marvin; Weber, Tobias; Fastner, Lena; Henzel, Maximilian; Rettkowski, Dominik; Berchtold, MartinWhile gamification has already been a topic of discussion for years (Scholles, 2005, p.326-333), the reality of planning does look different. In the presented work, issues of the formal regional planning in Germany are depicted in general and specific on the Stuttgart region. Well-known as the key economic region in Baden-Württemberg and southern Germany with global players such as Daimler, Porsche and Bosch in economically performing sectors like engineering, automotive industries and business services, even Stuttgart faces several challenges, which broadly can be subsumed as growth related pain. In the regions characterised by growth pains, actors in regional development, citizens and political decision-makers from various municipalities are confronted with one another in multiple constellations along with their positions and motivations. As an overall spatial planning concept, the regional plan has to take integrated account of the functional interrelations of the region and mediate between competing uses while it is often met with incomprehension, reluctance or even headwind, corresponding with negative consequences for the acceptance and appreciation of the plan. The current procedures, concepts and planning instruments of formal regional planning to ensure sustainable settlement development seem to have reached their limits. They need to be supplemented by persuasive instruments, among others, in order to convincingly convey the concepts in political decision-making processes (Stiewing, Mangels and Grotheer, 2020, p.1) One persuasive, game-based approach for the above-mentioned issues with a focus on mediation, consultation and integration into political decision-making processes has been developed within the framework of a student project by students of the master's program in urban and regional development at the Technische Universität Kaiserslautern and will be presented in this paper. It addresses both citizens and political decision makers of the municipalities at the interface of regional planning and offers a possibility to present regionally relevant but locally rather intangible matters in a comprehensible way in order to stimulate an awareness-raising process. At the same time, this paper shows in which fields of practice the designed card-game can be used.Publication Open Access Analysis of Urban Space Vitality Based on Weibo Check-In Data : A Case Study of Suzhou(AESOP, 2022) Ma, Geng; Pellegrini, PaolaThe city is a carrier of all kinds of residents' activities and the core of public activities. With the rapid process of urbanization in China, the spatial structure of cities has been spreading, and in some cities, urban space has been redefined due to the construction of new districts and new cities, and the urban spatial structure has gradually evolved from a single center to a multicenter. In urban planning practice, multicentricity has become one of the common planning tools in major cities in recent years, and mega cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen all take multicentricity as the goal of urban development. The research on urban spatial structure in China mainly involves: theoretical studies, studies on the characteristics of urban spatial structure patterns, studies on the relevance of urban structure to social problems, and the exploration of the relevance of urban structure to social economy. The current stage of research mainly explores the spatial structure of cities by using planning and census data as the main data source and geospatial and morphological analysis as the method. However, these data have certain limitations, one of which is that the data accuracy is not sufficient to analyze the urban residents' aggregation within urban space at all scales, and the other is that the data are not real-time and cannot reflect the mobility characteristics of urban residents. In recent years, with the development of information technology, big data has provided new data sources for urban spatial analysis. Among them, the more widely used are: social network pictures, night lighting data, shared bicycle travel data, heat map data, cell phone signaling data, and online taxi travel data, etc. Scholars such as Ying Long, Lu Yu, and Zhiying Li have used these data to analyze urban space. However, these data have problems such as difficulty of access and few access channels for scholars. And the open-source Weibo check-in data provides a reliable alternative. Weibo check-in data records the check-in information of Sina Weibo users, which mainly includes information such as check-in time, check-in content, spatial location of check-in points, and the number of check-ins at check-in points. The Weibo check-in data can be obtained through an API interface, which is easier to obtain compared with the other data which has mentioned before, and has been widely adopted in the current stage of urban spatial research. At present, domestic scholars mainly use Weibo check-in data as a measurement of foot traffic in various spaces and as a method to identify urban functional areas, but less research has been conducted on urban spatial vitality with this kind of big data.Publication Open Access How Can Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment Tools Improve Urban Wellbeing?(AESOP, 2022) Revellini, RosariaIn the contemporary world we are facing four megatrends: population growth, population ageing, international migration and urbanization. All these trends interest both developed countries and developing ones, even if there are some differences and disparities among them. Moreover, they directly affect the sustainable development of nations and consequently have influence on people health and wellbeing. Paying attention on developed countries, and in particular on European (and Italian) cities, urbanization and population ageing are the two main issues to be considered. In fact, here the number of over 65 years old people is growing exponentially and in 2018 it has overpassed the number of under 5 children. In addition, elderly cohort will exceed the 15-24 one by 2050 (UN, 2019a). The number of people living in urban contexts will increase, reaching about 68% of the world population (UN, 2019b). This estimation means that cities and their public spaces have to be the core of the sustainable development to guarantee equity, health and wellbeing to the citizens. In fact, rapid urbanization exacerbates environmental problems, inadequate basic services, urban sprawl, differences in opportunities for people. For this reason, it is necessary to recognize the centrality of people in urban transforming processes by providing equal opportunities for all looking at 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and specifically to the 11th goal Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (UN, 2015). The purpose of this goal is to ensure access to housing and good public spaces and improve a more inclusive urban planning through adequate public transport and social cohesion. According to Fusco Girard (2006, p. 48) «the city that promotes sustainable human development is a city in which the human person, in the relational-community dimension is at the centre with its inalienable rights (health, quality environment, work, culture). It promotes integration from its neighbourhoods which reproduce a network of many micro-communities». Neighbourhood is the “ideal urban dimension” where innovation and public investments are possible. Therefore, this paper focuses on neighbourhood scale to look at health and wellbeing for people in urban contexts. Specifically, it aims to analyse some of the main Neighbourhood Sustainability Assessment (NSA) tools to underline whether and how the use of them can improve urban wellbeing recognising in social sustainability the key to do that.Publication Open Access Places, Pandemic and Multiple Risks: New Emerging Urban Challenges(AESOP, 2022) Sepe, MarichelaThe Covid-19 emergency, although in different manner and measure, is changing habits and use of places and cities at global level. In many cities, public spaces became completely empty for months and new urban landscapes have substituted the previous ones, transforming the private in public (Sepe, 2021). Children and young have interrupted the school in presence to start that by internet; adults started the smart working; elderly begun to meet their sons through the computer. Houses and balconies were used for work and study, allowing people to go inside the private life of everyone. The reopening of public spaces has happened after months of closing, allowing again “live” social interactions, although in respect of the physical distance, confirming the importance for all people of these places (Carmona, 2019; Crappsley, 2017; Gehl, 2010). The new challenges concern facing the presence of multiple risks (Sepe, 2022a), improving health, integration, and liveability of places for more flexible and adaptive uses. Accordingly, to provide a sustainable regeneration meant in its three-fold meaning, it needs to use new methodological approaches, including: the 15-minutes city (Moreno, 2020) that is a city able to offer all its inhabitants everything they need to live, work and have fun to be reached on foot in no more than 15 minutes; the flexible one (CRA, 2019) that is based on tools for architectural and urban planning and design, which are able to allow changes in the course of implementation of those projects; the Soft City (Sim, 2019) that is based on the idea that from the union of density and diversity a more liveable and healthier city can be obtained, as proximity of an environment can be translated into time; the Health-Liveable city (Sepe, 2022b) is a city in which public spaces are considered the main places to enhance and health and liveability issues the first factors to improve; and the smart city (Karvonen et Al., 2019) in which the whole range of technologies are at the service of the place both to improve its liveability and health and ensure its sustainability. Starting from these premises, this study, carried in the framework of the Prin 2020 - Research Projects of National Relevance titled “Sustainable modelling of materials, structures and urban spaces including economic-legal implications” – ISMed-CNR Unit with the author’s responsibility, is aimed at illustrating: a new method of analysis and design of public spaces, the original Healthy Place Design – within the Health-Liveable city approach - (Sepe, 2022b) and an emblematic case study, characterized by both flexibility and accessibility at different level. Conclusion concerning both critical and positive issues of the case study will complete the paper.Publication Open Access Study on the capacity of nine cities in the Greater Bay area to cope with climate change based on the risk city theory(AESOP, 2022) Ge, Xuan; Zhang, Shifu; Zhang, AzhaoTo a generally acknowledged extent, climate change has changed this world, especially transformed human’s attitudes towards development pattern of modern society and living pattern in man-made environment to more cautious ones, in the meanwhile driving people to realize that so called “inherent differences” among different social groups might collapse because negative effects brought by climate change, or risks in a more academically way, do not just aim at the weakness. Risk society, of which the definition and theory framework have been constructed and developed by Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and many other scholars since 1980s, stresses on this historical transformation, regarding modern society as an aggregation of endogenous risks. It explains that, after modern industrial system was finally established, sources of the main risks that human need to face changed from exterior environment to our interior society, mostly due to shortsighted economic goals. Also, this new type of risks could expand beyond boundaries of space and time and cover all societies globally, which are difficult to predict and control. Therefore, how to recognize and manage these risks should be seriously considered to make the whole society more sustainable. Seen as the most representative creations by human society, cities would support over 75 percent of the global population in 2050, providing them with spaces, facilities and services for daily life and production, while also exposing them to risks related to climate change more frequently. In a word, when cities are planned along modern industrial pattern, potential risks are likely to be overlooked, which would on one hand contribute to climate change and on the other hand cause lacking of capacity to protect people and property from these risks.Publication Open Access Place Identities of Japanese Social Housing (Danchi):The Role of Urban Design in Creating a “Place”(AESOP, 2022) Soma, HanaeIn the backdrop of post-war economic growth and rapid urbanisation in Japan (late 1950s to early 1970s), many large-scale developments took place in suburban areas to counteract the critical situation of housing shortages. These social housings, referred to as “danchi,” which were suburban residential community with multi-family apartment blocks became a defining characteristic of the period. For its efficiency, danchi were generally developed into uniform homogenised forms. In reference to Relph's (1976) concept, lacking authentic and individual sense of identities, a typical danchi is more likely to represent placelessness than place. Despite once perceived as an iconic lifestyle of the middle-class, welcoming working-age families, today its context is commonly associated with social issues (Nordin & Nakamura, 2018). Nearly half a century after the peak of developments, many danchi communities are faced with issues of weakened social structure such as, ageing population, depopulation, weakened neighbourhood relationships (Gouda & Okamoto, 2012), and deteriorating or dated physical issues such as, absence of elevators, dated or degraded basic infrastructure (Yoshikawa, 2010).Publication Open Access A Comparative Analysis Analysis of Urban Temperature (Air/Surface) and Heat Island Intensity Using S·Dot and Landsat8 in Seoul of South Korea(AESOP, 2022) Lee, Jae-Jun; Kim, Dae-Hye; Woong-Kyoo, BaeMore than half of the world's population lives in cities, and according to the United Nations, about 70% of the world's population will live in urban areas by 2050, given the current trajectory of urban growth. (United Nations, 2010) The growth of these cities causes climate change and aggravates abnormal weather phenomena such as heatwaves. This heatwave phenomenon causes the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, which is one of the phenomena that occurs with the progress of urbanization, which refers to a phenomenon in which the air and surface temperature in the downtown area are higher than in the surrounding areas. (JA Voogt TR Oke, 2003) The UHI phenomenon worsens the urban environment, such as heatwaves and tropical nights, and threatens the life and health of urban residents. As a result, about 50% of the population is concentrated in the metropolitan area, which is about 10% of the national land area, and various urban problems such as an imbalance in national land development and the UHI phenomenon are occurring mainly in the metropolitan area. As a result, the average outdoor temperature was 13.5℃ in the 2019s, 1.1℃ higher than in the 1960s, and it is a continuous increase. It affects the climate change and the natural environment of downtown areas, impairs the quality of the urban environment, and threatens the health of urban residents. If the city's temperature continues to rise and climate change and destruction of the natural environment intensify, the quality of the urban environment may be compromised, which will endanger the health and life of city residents. Accordingly, from 2020, through the Smart Seoul Urban Data Sensor (S·DoT) construction project, the city of Seoul is building an industrial ecosystem using policies and city data to solve urban problems and improve citizens’ lives. Therefore, this study aims to present the possibility of using urban data sensors (S·DoT) by examining the temperature of Seoul and the surface temperature data of LANDSAT8, calculating and comparing the thermal island intensity of the air temperature and the surface temperature.Publication Open Access Book of abstracts : Space for Species : Redefining Spatial Justice, AESOP annual congress, Tartu 25 - 29. 7. 2022(AESOP, 2022) AESOPParticipatory mapping can be used both in transactional person-environment research and as a tool for participatory planning. In the presentation, I will give examples of both usage cases of online public participation GIS (PPGIS) methodology. PPGIS methodology is among the most widely spread, digital, place-based approaches used in real life public participation processes and in the study of transactional person-environment relationship. Maptionnaire is an advanced example of PPGIS methodology that was originally developed in Aalto University and today used in more than 40 countries. To learn in what kind of real life public participation projects the tool was used and to identify the pros and cons of using this methodology, we studied over 200 Maptionnaire cases. The analysis revealed that the studied planning projects varied in geographical scale stretching from nationwide surveys to those concerning single buildings. In terms of the project topics green and blue area planning and management projects together with transportation planning projects comprised over half of the cases. When studying at which phases of the planning project the tool was used, both extremes of the planning process stood out, early initiation and the evaluation phases. To identify the pros and cons of PPGIS approach, we asked whether PPGIS tools can (1) enhance effective arrangements of public participation, (2) reach a broad spectrum of people and 3) produce high quality and versatile knowledge. The results indicated a variety of advantages and disadvantages in using PPGIS methodology in participatory planning practice. By categorizing the pros and cons of using PPGIS in practice, we can enable planners to implement more inclusive and influential participatory planning. Place-based approach is not only fruitful in promoting smart participation but also in transactional person-environment research, where the active role of both persons and the contexts is considered. A wide variety of research themes have been studied, e.g. social sustainability, active living, ecosystem service accessibility, perceived safety and the everyday service networks & mobility patterns related to various lifestyles. Many different user groups have participated the online PPGIS studies including children and young people and the elderly. These studies produce contextually and individually sensitive evidence about the ways urban structural characteristics are associated with human experiences and behavioral patterns. By anchoring research findings to specific contexts and specific planning solutions, these research findings can become an essential part of knowledge informed planning. Planners, however, 59typically rely mostly on the explorative analysis of the PPGIS data. Deeper, diagnostic forms of analysis can potentially be very useful, to explain how urban structural characteristics are linked with human behavior and to predict usage patterns. The search for urban and transportation planning solutions that promote both human wellbeing and planetary health is among the key challenges of today. Place-based research strategy helps achieving a more realistic and context sensitive understanding of the human aspects in planning and helps solving some of the most wicked problems of our eraPublication Open Access Room for Uncertainty in Infrastructure Planning How Continuous Certainification by Decision Makers Results in More Uncertainty(AESOP, 2022) Veenma, Klaas; Leendertse, Wim; Arts, JosInfrastructure planning is increasingly confronted with a dynamic environment and an engaged society. This necessitates decision makers to interact with their environment, resulting in the adoption of adaptive and participative planning approaches such as combined infrastructure and (organic) area development (De Roo et al., 2020). Giving room to stakeholders and to unforeseen developments implies incorporating uncertainty in planning and decision making and increases the complexity of planning. In current infrastructure planning, decision makers seem to struggle to find a balance between giving room to uncertainties on the one hand, and keeping the decision-making process manageable on the other hand. This often results in attempts to reduce uncertainties, in 'certainification' (Van Asselt et al., 2007; Klijn & Koppenjan, 2016). This focus on certainification prevents adaptive and participative approaches in planning from reaching full maturity (Hajer et al., 2010; Albrechts, 2012). This paper is based on a recent studyPublication Open Access Towards a Topology of Planning Theories –Re-organising Planning Knowledge in the 21st Century(AESOP, 2022) Levin-Keitel, Meike; Behrend, LukasPlanning is an iridescent term. A glance at the literature shows how diverse the term planning can be understood, for example as state action, as spatial distribution of different zones or infrastructures, as governance arrangements of different actors, or as civil society engagement for the common good, and many more. Planning practice is defined accordingly in abstract terms in the literature: Planning as "linkage between knowledge and organised action" (Friedmann and Hudson, 1974, p. 2), i.e. connecting knowledge and action, or as an attempt to control the future ("planning as future control", Wildavsky, 2018, p. 128) or "planning activity as practice of knowing" (Davoudi, 2015, p. 317). Gunder (2010, p. 299) described planning as the ideology of how we define and use space, whereas Brooks (2019, p. 9) understands planning as the process by which we try to shape the future. These and other definitions do have in common a strong orientation towards the future (i.e. it is not just a description of the present), which is accompanied by a direct normative orientation towards action. As Alexander (2016, p. 92) already noted, the problem with all these definitions is not that they are not true, but rather that they are too abstract for a definition. These definitions are hardly sufficient in narrowing down what is (and especially what is not) meant by the term spatial planning. It is undisputed that the future orientation of spatial planning undermines a concrete analytical understanding, "the object of planning, future action, routinely involves the unique and novel" (Forester, 1982, p. 3). Nevertheless, or perhaps rather because of this, it is essential to explain the underlying understanding of planning.Publication Open Access Heap developmentin the Ruhr metropolis : The "Mountains of the Ruhr" as places od identify(AESOP, 2022) Budiger, Anne; Schmit, Hanna C.; Ze, Maria; Karulska, Olivia; Wenning, TinoFor decades, the Ruhr region in Germany was shaped by the coal mining industry. In the late 19th and early to mid-20th century, industrialization and accompanying urbanization processes turned small villages into large cities. In consequence, the Ruhr region became the largest industrial agglomeration in Europe with coal mines being both the main employer and an essential identity-forming feature. As of today, the Ruhr region has undergone another set of decades of structural change. Former industrial sites were re-cultivated and renaturated and by now, the region no longer understands itself as the ‘Ruhr region’ but as the ‘Ruhr Metropolis’. Within all the change, however, there is one constant – a special kind of place that remains: the heaps. As former collection points for coal mining overburden and the collieries’ slag, they are now the ‘Mountains of the Ruhr', a vital element of Green Infrastructure (GI) of the Ruhr Metropolis and still an anchor of identity for 5.1 million people. The regional planning authority of the Ruhr region, the Ruhr Regional Association (German: ‘Regionalverband Ruhr’ short RVR), is responsible for the preservation and development of open space and GI. Currently, the RVR develops 46 slag heaps and will take over several more in the near future (cf. Website RVR, 2022). The exciting challenge for the RVR is now to make the 'Mountains of the Ruhr' usable for the region’s inhabitants, to foster the ecological value of this special GI in the overall open space system and to bring together cultural preservation and strategic development. This paper offers insights into the transformation processes of the Ruhr region (see section 2), the change in identity of its slag heaps and the planning and development of heaps as an anchor of urban GI (see section 3). Recent findings on the narrative and place-making of heaps are presented, highlighting both the storyline for the ‘Mountains of the Ruhr’ and the individual character of the heaps (see section 3.3). Thus, this paper offers an empirical example of the shift in meaning of place, which creates identity, drives ecological restoration, and is one milestone of the green transformation of the Ruhr Metropolis (cf. RVR, 2021).Publication Open Access Research on the Suitability of Urban Blue Line Delineation Under the Territorial Space Planning System(AESOP, 2022) Dong-Xin, Lian; Shi-Fu, Wang; Zhao-Hua, Deng; Meng, Meng; Zhi-Shan, LinUrban river and lake systems are an important factor in maintaining the balance of urban habitats, and are of great significance to the improvement of urban habitat, urban economic development and urban construction. However, with the accelerated urbanisation process, the excessive pursuit of land development dividends and the long -term inappropriate urban development model have led to the over-expansion of construction land and the destruction of the water system environment and ecology, resulting in the phenomenon of "city into water" in many cities today. The urban blue line (hereafter referred to as the blue line), as the core control line for planning the protection of urban water bodies in the Chinese context, contains the territorial boundaries for the protection and control of urban surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, lakes, reservoirs, canals, and wetlands. Today, blue line planning is still generally oriented towards water management by water conservancy projects, and its content is mostly developed to focus on the engineering and functional characteristics of water as a resource and safety risk (Wu Yan et al., 2020), to address water facilities to manage water system pollution and water system flooding and drainage, and to enhance water system safety and water sensitive area conservation through cross -sectional design and plan zoning (Song Wanzhen et al., 2019). In recent years, the academic community has conducted some in -depth research and practical exploration on urban blue line research, mainly focusing on the objectives of blue line planning, design concepts, planning elements, alignment delineation, as well as the exploration of the main body of blue line preparation and management and reflections on river use and management, and has gained some control experience in the practice of cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing (Yang Peifeng and Li Jingbo, 2014;Yu Lu and Ding Nian, 2010; Chen Yewei, 2018), but the existing studies are insufficient for the delineation of the specific blue line and the blue line management system, and the delineation of the existing blue line still presents the realistic problem that the delineation differs from city to city, from department to department, and from normative ordinance to normative ordinance, which needs to be solved urgently. This paper responds to the existing problems to a certain extent by constructing a blue line delineation system of "three zones and two lines" and clarifying the management authority and responsibility system of water -related departments in the context of territorial spatial planning, in order to effectively solve the problems related to the delineation and implementation management of the blue line.Publication Open Access Dwelling Decay : Housing Crisis, Urban Institutionalism and its Understanding of the Qualitative Shortage past, present and Future of Chile's Urban Housing Policy for the Improvement of Quality and Social Integration (2006 -2021)(AESOP, 2022) Hernández, Karen SaavedraSince 2006, Chilean housing policy has undergone a paradigm shift by focusing its attention on improving the quality of the urban housing stock. At that time, it was considered that the quantitative housing shortage had a certain degree of control from the state and institutions, with a sustained decrease compared to the Latin American context. However, since 2017, the housing shortage has shown a worrying increase, currently reaching its highest point since the return to democracy in the 1990s. With a current housing shortage of 739,603 dwellings, representing almost 12% of the total national housing shortage and affecting almost 2.2 million people, 12% of the national population, there is talk of a new housing crisis in Chile. Migratory and economic crises and the current COVID-19 pandemic add to the various factors that attempt to explain this increase in the housing shortage. However, this crisis is not only a housing shortage crisis, but also a crisis of quality and the persistence of housing and urban environment decay, which, despite an institutional policy to improve urban and housing quality that has been in existence for two decades, has not managed to reduce the gap. In this sense, the current housing shortage can be understood not only from the perspective of the quantity of missing housing, but also as a crisis exacerbated by the quality of the housing and urban stock built. In this sense, institutional factors have not been particularly highlighted as possible causes or aggravators of the housing conflict, in the sense of understanding how the institutional framework has perceived the urban decay and housing shortages. This article seeks to analyse how the Chilean urban-housing institutional framework has been modelling, through plans and programmes, its Urban Housing Policy of Improving the Quality and Social Integration of Chile, in the period between 2006, the year of the paradigmatic shift from housing quantity to housing quality, and 2021, when the housing shortage crisis was declared, as a way of understanding from where the institutions have epistemologically positioned themselves to generate the response to the housing shortage, with special emphasis on the quality shortage. It is hypothesised that Chilean urban and housing institutions, through their policy of quality improvement, have shifted the focus from subsidiarity to the understanding of housing deterioration, reflecting in interventions that, although they have a narrative in line with the search for quality, are based on proposals of extreme social targeting and lack of territorial relevance, the same principle under which the model of mass housing construction was developed in previous decades. Through documentary and bibliographic analysis, the history of Chile's Urban Housing Policy of Improving Quality and Social Integration is reconstructed, under which a series of programmes and plans have been organised to address the qualitative urban-housing shortage. This historiographic analysis allows us to understand where the Chilean institutional framework has been situated to address the quality shortage of its existing urban-housing stock, through various milestones of the national housing policy that reveal conflicts, rigidity, and institutional centralism, which in turn hinder the recognition of cultural and territorial diversity in the interventions. This article, as part of an ongoing doctoral research, hopes to be a contribution to the critical review of the policy of qualitative housing shortage, given that Chile has been a reference at the international level with its subsidised policy of access to social housing in previous times and that today, in the context of a new global housing crisis, the institutional responses address the crisis not only as a matter of quantity, but also in a comprehensive manner.Publication Open Access Air Temperature CFD Simulation of Outdoor Space According to Height Change of Main Building of Apartment Complex(AESOP, 2022) Song, HyungiThe fact that abnormal temperatures and urban heat island phenomena are occurring all over the world has been revealed based on many existing studies. One of the causes of these abnormal temperatures and urban heat islands is human-induced urbanization. (Park Sang-wook, 2019) Nowadays, most cities in the world usually have temperatures between 1℃ and 4℃ higher than those in the surrounding rural areas, and the temperature increase in Korea is more than twice as fast as the average temperature in the world. In the past 100 years, global temperatures have risen by 0.74°C, the average temperature in the six major cities of the Republic of Korea has risen by 1.8°C, the precipitation has risen by 11.6m in the last 10 years, and the sea level by 10cm in 40 years Due to the recent realization of climate change, abnormal climates such as heatwaves, droughts, and cold waves are frequent and the damage is intensifying. The damage from the abnormal climate in Korea is concentrated in urban areas where more than 90% of the people live. (Ministry of Environment 2011) The reality is that apartment complexes, which account for a high proportion of residential buildings in urban areas today, are designed and built with quantitative development as priority, so the design to respond to climate change is insufficient. To this end, the thermal environment of the outdoor space of the apartment complex was analyzed by applying various types of design element types to the CFD simulation. Therefore, in this study, by simulating the microclimate environment of an apartment complex, the effect of temperature reduction in the complex according to the change in the height of the main building, a design element of the apartment complex, is to be analyzed in detail by using the CFD simulation program Envi-met.Publication Open Access Characteristics of Urban Settlements Impacting Migratory Bird Species in India(AESOP, 2022) Panjwani, AhefazOn a broad level, India can be divided into six types of climate (Padmanabhamurthy, 1990) This in conjunction with the country being situated in three of the major global flyways, makes conservation of avian species highly essential. The different climates lead to rich diverse biomes where the migratory birds stop, nest, breed and progess on to their destinations. The grasslands and wetlands throughout the country make effective pitstops for landbirds and water birds alike. With massive urbanisation taking over, these ecological spaces are constantly encroached, leading to a decline in the native and migratory avian species. While there are different initiatives taken by the Indian Government such as the National Action Plan and the Perspective Plan on bird conservation, these are tentative guidelines with no legal binding on urban development. In reality, the National urban planning code (Urban and Regional Development Planning Framework of India) and the urban bye laws are devoid of biodiversity clauses. Optional frameworks such as the Indian Green Building Council guidelines mention incentivisation for preserving nocturnal habitats and native vegetation. The absence of such guidelines in the Urban development norms make native vegetation an easy prey to development and loss of habitat for birds.Publication Open Access An Ecosystem Services Based Model for the Reclassification of Urban Uses in Plans : A Decision Support for the Minimisation of Soil Consumption(AESOP, 2022) Adinolfi, Valentina; Coppola, Francesca; Grimaldi, Michele; Fasolino, IsidoroSoil that is not artificially covered is capable of providing services with both direct and indirect benefits for humans. It is, therefore, essential to assess the impacts of different land-use and urban planning choices by estimating costs and benefits associated with different land-use scenarios and/or protection policies. The dimensioning of municipal urban plans (Puc) sets the urban load, in accordance with the regulations, with the provisions contained in the Provincial Territorial Coordination Plans (PTCP) and on the basis of a careful analysis of the community's actual and irrepressible needs. The possible transformations envisaged in the Pucs lead to two types of consequences: on the one hand, they constitute a potential income for the municipal coffers in terms of taxation on building land and buildings constructed and in terms of urbanisation charges; on the other hand, the transformation of the land entails the definitive loss of the numerous and very valuable Ecosystem Services (ES) that it is able to provide. These are defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, 2005) as the multiple benefits provided by ecosystems to humankind and are divided into four categories: life support, provisioning, regulation and cultural values. A variety of approaches to assessing the ES provided by different land covers can be found in the literature. Some of them are based on matrices that, based on the opinion of experts (such as physical geographers, forest scientists and environmental engineers), associate each land cover class with a score related to the level of performance offered by each ES (Costanza et al., 1997; De Groot, 2010; Burkhard et al., 2012; Rodriguez, Armenteras & Retana, 2015; Santolini et a., 2015). The change in land cover from its natural state to artificial cover is technically termed land consumption. Forms of consumption range from total loss of the soil resource to partial loss of ES functionality. urban densification is also a form of land consumption insofar as it involves the introduction of new artificial cover in urban areas (Munafò, 2021). Zeroing net soil consumption means, therefore, avoiding the sealing of agricultural and open areas and, for the residual component that cannot be avoided, compensating it by renaturalising an area of equal or greater extent in order to restore its capacity to provide ES (EC, 2016). When considering soil as a resource, it is necessary to distinguish between land cover and land use. The term land cover refers to the biophysical cover of the earth's surface, while land use refers to the actual biophysical state of the soil, related to its use in human activities. The latter is, therefore, defined according to the present and planned functional dimension and urban use (Directive 2007/2/CE). A change of land use (and even less a change of land use provided for by a town planning instrument) may not alter the functions of the land and its capacity to provide SE and, therefore, not represent real land consumption. «The relationship between land consumption and population dynamics confirms that the link between demography and urbanisation and infrastructural processes is not direct and there is a growth of artificial surfaces even in the presence of stabilisation, in many cases decrease, of residents» (Munafò, 2021: 45). From this, the importance of correctly sizing Pucs, carefully balancing the need for new areas for human activities with the preservation of ES, aiming to achieve settlement efficiency (Fasolino, Coppola & Grimaldi, 2020).Publication Open Access Public Space: A Never-Ending Projectactor-Network of Public Space Production: An Approach to a Democratic, Participatory Urban Tool(AESOP, 2022) Habibi, Rana; De Cock, LieveIn April 2021, a Polish colleague told us the story of a neighbour who lost her husband and her son in two weeks’ time. She was mourning her losses when she woke up and looked through her window and screamed her lungs out one morning. All the trees in the square were gone. She was devastated. The trees had been there since she was married and were a reminder and symbol of her love for her family. It just happened. Nothing could be done about it. Her story touched us deeply while raising the question that, in reality, where is the place of us as citizens in the formation of our very own public spaces? Is it true that only policymakers and spatial designers can decide how we use the space? Can they remove our memories without taking into account our lived experiences? As Henri Lefebvre explained in his book “space production”, for having a democratic way of living, the three actors of space production: policymakers, designers and users, should work closely together. Is a democratic way of living not a will for all of us in the end? Public spaces have always been essential parts of cities, having much to do with basic routines in a city’s life (Cybriwsky, 1999). Throughout history, the city has shaped a unique social space as a public space that meets society’s intertwined requirements for socio-economic production (Lefebvre, 1991). In pre-modern urban settings, public spaces played the role of arenas for communication. Also, they performed the principal function of facilitating social interaction, with open spaces being used by large numbers of people (Madanipour, 1992). One measure of any city’s greatness is its ability to provide signature public spaces for its citizens. Successful public spaces share a significant role in socialising and contributing to the quality of life (Rogers, 2003). As many other urban theorists note, public spaces are also significant elements that define a city’s unique attraction points and have higher usage rates than other leisure facilities (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004). Thus, the importance of public space design to our quality of life is now being increasingly recognised in research and policy (De Groot, 1992; Naveh, 1997; Ward Thompson, 2002; Chiesura, 2004). Recent interest in urban design has focused on creating and managing qualitative public spaces in cities (Madanipour, 1999). One of the essential planning tools for enhancing the quality of urban life is thus to design adaptable public spaces that act as vital oases, attracting people to all kinds of daily life activities (Wang, 2020). The creation of spaces is slow, and the depreciation of the investment costs takes place over a longer time. Nevertheless, the world is evolving quickly. The conditions of cities’ public spaces constantly change based on the impact of, for instance, users’ expectations, climate change, massive immigration or epidemic health crises. Therefore, public spaces must be resilient and flexible, constantly adaptable to these transformations as an ally of society. For instance, the Covid-19 pandemic emergency has interested the whole world and, although in different manner and measures, changed the habits and use of people in places and cities (Abusaada & Elshater, 2020; Babalis, 2019; Carmichael et al., 2012; Carmona et al., 2010; Gehl 2010, 2016, 2020; Mehaffy et al. 2019). This is only one of the feasible changes that we have faced recently regarding the use of public spaces. Ongoing research on the necessity of reconnection of cities with nature and new urban typologies such as urban-forest or the emphasis on developing a connected green-blue network within cities are proof of the importance of having flexible and yet qualitative public spaces. The NUA (New Urban Agenda) in 2016 also emphasised and published its agenda over a shared vision for a better and more sustainable future for public spaces. As mentioned several times in this agenda, the flexibility of the public spaces is the key to future proof cities. Accordingly, the flexibility of public spaces is rooted in the presence of diverse, healthy and green areas, safety, inclusivity, accessibility, social interaction, inclusion, dialogue between all people, and constant participation of users (Sepe, 2021). For instance, the article 37 of this agenda says: “We commit ourselves to promote safe, inclusive, accessible, green and qualitative public spaces, including streets, sidewalks and cycling lanes, squares, waterfront areas, gardens and parks, that are multifunctional areas for social interaction and inclusion, human health and well-being, economic exchange and cultural expression and dialogue among a wide diversity of people and cultures, and that are designed and managed to ensure human development and build peaceful, inclusive and participatory societies, as well as to promote living together, connectivity and social inclusion (UN Habitat, 2016).” Thus far, a transparent, practical methodology for making a flexible public space resistant to environmental, social and structural changes is missing. There are not many accessible measurement systems to help us understand how flexible the existing public spaces are. In contrast, there is so much uncertainty about the result of new designed public spaces. Are they sufficient for their users? Are they corresponding to the environmental crises? Are they providing more social inclusion for the cities? How many percentages of a city, neighbourhood and urban block is allocated to the public open space? How can public spaces best be designed for various activities and serve their users’ needs well?
- «
- 1 (current)
- 2
- 3
- »