2010 Space is Luxury, Aalto, July 7-10th
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Item Open Access Living or leaving? Regeneration policies in multi-ethnic contexts in north Italy(AESOP, 2010) Briata, PaolaThe paper examines the regeneration strategies carried out in the last 10-15 years in three multi-ethnic areas in Brescia, Genoa and Turin (North Italy). These cities have all been important industrial centres and, in recent years, the economic restructuring of the post-industrial age has led their leaderships and policy makers to invest in visitor economy. The paper aims at rendering problematic an assumption circulating among academics and planners stating that, in these contexts, regeneration and urban renewal policies have been addressed only at the immigrants’ expulsion from the cities’ more central areas. In fact different approaches could be found in the different cities according to the peculiarities of their development strategies, to the public debate on immigration proposed at local level, as well as to the more or less strategic role given to integration policies of the disadvantaged groups, independently from their national origin.Item Open Access Planning and spatial justice in the city : The School and Refugee Reception Centre as sites of resistance in the contemporary multi-ethnic city(AESOP, 2010) Kalanje, HumphreyPlanning and spatial justice in the city : The School and Refugee Reception Centre as sites of resistance in the contemporary multi-ethnic city Of late, spatial justice in the city has been receiving increasing attention in planning theory. Greater attention is thus being paid to what has been called the spatialization of justice and the desire for a just city. Susan Fainstein, Edward Soja and others have all written extensively on the subject. Most of these narratives have been informed by a re-reading of the spatial theories of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault. There has also been an increasing acceptance of the presence of conflict and a shift away from privileging consensus as a goal in the planning process. Such a shift has been one propagated by proponents of a radical critical planning theory based on the belief that the agonistic approach in its acknowledgement on the ineluctable presence of conflict is probably the only one which is valid in the pluralistic city of today (Pløger 2004, Painter 2005).Item Open Access Planning, public contracts and European land law(AESOP, 2010) Korthals Altes, Willem K.; Ploeger, HendrikOrganizing a Single European Market affects property. Although the European Treaties does not provide grounds for a prejudgment of the national rules that govern the system of property ownership, national systems of property may not form an infringement to the rules of the single market. Rules for public contracts and public works concessions constrain the role of public property in planning policies, and may have considerable theoretical and practical implications. This paper discusses these implications. The theoretical implications will be focused on the relationship between European law and planning law. The practical implications will be focused on planning practice.Item Open Access Community self-surveys: appropriating a technology of rule(AESOP, 2010) Watson, VanessaThe rapid growth of urban populations in cities of the global South, gives rise to major conflicts between those attempting to gain a foothold in urban areas and those attempting to govern these places. This can be conceptualising as a ‘conflict of rationalities’ between techno-managerial and marketized systems of government administration, service provision and planning, and increasingly marginalized urban populations surviving largely under conditions of informality. The ‘interface’ between these conflicting rationalities is frequently a site of struggle the outcomes of which can take various forms and can warp technologies of rule and strategies of ‘improvement’ in various ways. The community self-survey ‘movement’ provides one such example of struggle over a technology of rule which can potentially yield important learning outcomes. The paper explores examples of self-enumeration in shack-dwelling populations in Cape Town (South Africa) where this has been used to engage with the local state.Item Open Access Decreasing land consumption by using PPP in land use management(AESOP, 2010) Knappik, Magdalena; Renetzki, PeterThe public financed research project “Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) in land use management at the regional level” deals with the high land use in Germany. Between 2005 and 2008 the average daily land use for new settlement and transport-related areas in Germany was up to 115 hectares per day. This high land use has a multitude of economical, ecological and socio-ecological consequences, like loss of space for agriculture, loss of function of ground by sealing, social and geographical disparity or rising cost of settlement structure. By creating a better synchronisation of public and private stakeholders in land use management, the research project forces a revitalisation of brownfields and a reduction of the land consumption. The following paper will discuss the dimension of land use for new settlement and transport related areas in Germany, the different kinds of stakeholders with their often-diverged interests and the main modules of the land use management concept which were developed by the research project.Item Open Access Environmental Policy-Making in the Chinese Urban Growth Regime(AESOP, 2010) Wang, YanThis paper examines the politics of local environmental policy-making within the wider context of urban governance in contemporary China. Theoretically, the research approach links with the strategic-relational approach to policy-making, which emphasizes the importance of grounding empirical research on a detailed analysis of the various contexts for local action including an understanding of how different actors and organizations interpret their strategically-selective contexts. The analytical framework is based on the conception that the strategic selectivity of local environmental policy-making invariably reflects a set of structural opportunities for or constraints on policy-making, as well as the perception that key actors have of those opportunities or constraints and both of these. The paper thus focus on understanding how local urban authorities and politicians have responded to international, national or regional political pressures, as well as local pressures for or against local urban environmental policy-making. The paper also explores the incentives for and constraints on proactive environmental policy at the urban scale.Item Open Access Exploring potentials of sense-making theory for understanding social processes in a public hearing meeting(AESOP, 2010) Lyhne, IvarThis paper has point of departure in a planning process for energy infrastructure in Denmark and focuses on a particular public hearing meeting characterised by trenchant opposition and distrust to the authorities among the public. It points at the need to understand the interaction between authorities and the public, which in the case of energy infrastructure, often is characterised by conflict. A sense-making framework is developed based on Karl E. Weick's theory to investigate how participants at the meeting change their understanding of aspects like other actors' opinions and the infrastructure project. Through interviews and observations it is shown that participants' senses do not change except from a few aspects. The participants at the meeting thus seem stuck in their positions without any interest in being open for other interpretations or arguments. The investigation leads to considerations about the benefit and role of such a public meeting and the importance of trust and openness in the social processes in a public hearing.Item Open Access The dead end of demand modelling: supplying a futures-based public transport plan(AESOP, 2010) Curtis, Carey; Scheurer, Jan; Burke, MatthewThis paper discusses the transport planning issues that are exposed when new accessibility tools have been employed, designed to address the challenge of providing accessibility by public transport as a serious alternative to car use. Research from case studies in Perth and Brisbane is reported. The paper discusses the benefits of focusing on metropolitan-wide supply side modelling as opposed to simply applying demand forecasts; the need to, and challenges of, setting benchmarks that define quality public transport and accessibility; the need for iterative review by setting long term visions and back-casting as well as looking forward from current city structures. The analysis has raised some interesting questions. It is evident that the past practice of incremental and ad hoc changes to the public transport network will not meet Australia’s transport challenges in a timely fashion. What is needed is a step-change, but this requires both a long-term view of future city size and structure (a challenge for land use planners who have thus far not planned in this way) and considerable public funding in the short term (where public transport has traditionally been underfunded relative to private transport). It is questionable whether the required rate of change can be achieved.Item Open Access The Luxury of Participation in Innovative Virtual Planning with Citizens in Vast, Remote, and Sparsely Populated Areas(AESOP, 2010) Hongisto, Patrizia; Ferm, TiinaCitizen participation in the development of urban space is oriented towards citizens‟ choice of proposed solutions. Often, this is a regulated process which happens at a stage when relevant issues may already be overlooked. However, technology for virtual meetings now offers new opportunities for early and innovative citizen participation. This paper presents how spatial planning software and virtual decision-making tools are changing and innovating governance processes. Participation in the vast archipelago surrounding the City of Turku, Finland, aims at more inclusive consultation. The area participates in several European ICT projects focusing on user and demand driven research, development and innovation. Elected citizens and civil servants can make use of virtually conducted preparation meetings at earlier stages in the planning processes. We conclude that though planning may not commonly prepare and present issues virtually, rural areas are an example that there is readiness for this for reasons of distributed governance.Item Open Access Harmonious coexistence of housing and manufacturing in industrial areas of Japan(AESOP, 2010) Takahashi, Akira; Abe, HirokazuThis paper examines current approaches to and challenges of town design and management in industrial areas with a large number of small and medium size factories in Japan. We focus on a detailed case study on town design and management in the Takaida district of Higashi-Osaka City. In this paper, the term "Harmonious Coexistence of Housing and Manufacturing" is defined as a conceptual aim of achieving sustainable development and building a “compact city” in an area with a mix of housing and workplaces. The preliminary findings of the study revealed that industrial area has decreased 29%, while residential area has increased 34% between 1983 and 2003.and the mixing of residences and factories has progressed A large number of stakeholders has made it difficult to build consensus for a master plan of the district and there is therefore a need of introducing a new mechanism for drawing up the master plan.Item Open Access Models, Environment and Manipulation: Power and Knowledge Filtering in the Decision-making process about the Third Limfjord Crossing(AESOP, 2010) Astrup Andersen, Jeppe; Næss, PetterUsing the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed Third Limfjord Crossing in Aalborg, Denmark as an example, this paper discusses how transport models can be designed, consciously or unconsciously, to be imbued with a political program of discrimination, causing forecasting error in transport infrastructure planning. Assuming that traffic growth would be the same regardless of whether or not a new motorway was constructed, the planners in the Limfjord case concluded that intolerable congestion would arise in the absence of increased road capacity. The paper discusses how the zero-alternative was fabricated through unrealistic assumptions of the Limfjord case traffic model about relevant causal mechanisms, and gives an outline of the planning and decision-making process in which the model was used. The paper concludes that a process of knowledge filtering has taken place, where state-of-the-art knowledge about induced and generated travel ended up being dismissed in the political and legal decision-making system.Item Open Access “Resilience Thinking” for urban analysis and planning: An exploratory research on Istanbul(AESOP, 2010) Eraydin, AydaThis paper attempts to decipher the concept of resilience in urban analysis and planning, first by working on the terms used in order to explain “resilience”, second to define a framework that defines the basic principles of building resilience cities and third to discuss these principles in the Istanbul context in order to investigate the critical issues for planning this city region, which became increasingly vulnerable in recent years. In order to reach this aim the paper proposes a framework to understand and analyze the changes and processes with the use of attributes of resilience under the headings below; disturbances, vulnerability of the urban ecosystems, adaptive capacities and outcomes of disturbances on urban sub-systems as self-organization, adaptation or transformation. Using the exploratory questions and indicators that define the adaptive capacity, the research on Istanbul has been designed to identify the critical issues in urban analysis and planning principles to be followed in Istanbul under the resilience perspective. The paper presents the findings and discusses how general principles as well as principles based on local issues and priorities can be defined in planning practice.Item Open Access Beetham Beetham Beetham: Banal Luxury and ‘Quality Places’(AESOP, 2010) Jefferies, TomThe UK has seen the longest period of boom in the construction industry since WW2, with continuous growth between 1993 and 2007, a context that dramatically and radically changed following the global financial crisis of 2008-09. The boom was characterised by a revived focus on the city centre as a space where regeneration of post-industrial cities could be catalysed in an environment that saw overt competition between cities to be the best. The boom also coincided with the raising in public consciousness of design as a qualitative and desirable commodity through exposure in popular media and encapsulation of ‘quality’ in political and policy objectives. This in turn has led to the introduction of new areas of built environment focussed policy and guidance aiming to ensure design ‘quality’ that embodies the values of ‘place’ in both urban space and built form. Place intersects the uniqueness of location with culture. This raises the question ‘If each city is different why are new places all so similar?’Item Open Access Effects of local cultures on the territorial management of flood risk areas in the bangkok metropolitan region(AESOP, 2010) Rongwiriyaphanich, SuwannaThis paper examines the applicability and limitations of the proposed analytical framework. The framework was developed to facilitate an analysis of territorial development processes taken culture as an important element shaping planning processes and spatial outcomes. Five main principles underpin the proposed analytical framework are the concept of social-ecological system (Folke et al. 2005), culture-changing dynamics (Gullestrup 2006), Institutional Analysis and Development framework (Ostrom 2005), five dimensions of cultures (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005) and cultural theory (Thompson et al. 1990). The analysis of territorial development of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, with special emphasis on the impacts of local cultures on policy initiatives and spatial outcomes in relation to flood risk management in the region, is taken as an example for investigation. The analysis shows that despite its potential subjectivity resulted by heuristic interpretation, the proposed analytical framework tends to be a promising approach.Item Open Access The luxury of silence, cemeteries as places of ‘aposiopesis’ in the city(AESOP, 2010) Zavraka, Despoina D.; Tellios, Anastasios D.‘Aposiopesis’ derives from the Greek word ‘αποσιώπησις’ meaning becoming silent or maintaining silence. It is when a statement or address is broken off, left unfinished, only to be completed in the imagination. Bearing in mind that ‘place’ has been defined as ‘the concrete manifestation of man’s dwelling’, it becomes a paradox that cemeteries are probably the only ‘places’ manifesting very little about their ‘dwellers’. Therefore, they appear as remote urban spaces in aposiopesis of their content and habitation. Someone would be more precise describing contemporary cemeteries as ‘uninhabited’, but yet not ‘empty’, urban places. Viewed as places of expression of our ‘being-in-the-world’, they transcend every aspect of functionality. Therefore the current discussion on the formation of contemporary ‘gravescapes’ as urban territories arise multiple quests about their content and identity in the city. The research will be based on emerging theories and contemporary examples of cemetery design. The central argument concentrates on the present relation between the city and cemetery formation through social, cultural and aesthetical aspects.Item Open Access Resilience and/or vulnerability? Relationships and roles in risk mitigation strategies(AESOP, 2010) Galderisi, Adriana; Ferrara, Floriana F.; Ceudech, AndreaResilience and vulnerability represent two core-concepts in the disaster field, widely invoked as basic means for supporting risk mitigation strategies. Vulnerability has been in-depth investigated since the Seventies; resilience has been largely widespread in the disaster field over the last two decades, although a shared theoretical and operative approach to this concept is still missing and the relationships between vulnerability and resilience are still a nebulous matter. This paper, based on a research work developed within the 7°FP Ensure Project, has been addressed to: in-depth investigate the concept of Resilience, in order to provide a conceptual model of its main components by integrating different disciplinary perspectives; explore, grounding on both scientific literature and the proposed conceptual model of resilience, the relationships between vulnerability and resilience, and highlight common aspects and peculiarities, in order to better understand their respective roles in achieving risk reduction goals.Item Open Access “Landscape is luxury”: Searching for Images of Sustainability(AESOP, 2010) Cassatella, ClaudiaLandscape can give an expressive form to ecological processes, give a vision for “green” policies and plans, and allow the public at large to understand what is at stake. Because most territorial changes are planned on the basis of various forms of representations and rendering, the power of images has grown more and more. What images of change are planners and designers putting forward? Are these images able to represent innovative scenarios of sustainability? The paper presents some case studies. The landscape is close to the way in which people perceive their own living environment, so it can be a powerful visioning tool for participatory democracy. It is proposed that the landscape debate should be reoriented, from the prevailing attention paid to the identity, as an heritage of the past, to a stronger focus on the “aspirations of the public” (European Landscape Convention) and to the creation of new landscape identities.Item Open Access Contested Space in Former Colonies: What is the Role of Representations of European Colonial Heritage Outside of Europe?(AESOP, 2010) Budge, TrevorThe implantation and representation of the European interpretation, use and presentation of space through hundreds of years of colonialization has left a built form legacy in all continents. What do we make of such places in the twenty first century? In one interpretation they represent conquest and imposition, in another they are relics of past glories. International tourism, especially that which is packaged, has generated a third interpretation. These places are physically remote from their European origins but in some apects representative of them. This paper examines four such places; Portuguese religious zeal in Old Goa India; the Dutch fort at Galle in Sri Lanka; the convict settlement at Port Arthur, Tasmania and the goldfields of central Victoria, the last two in Australia and both episodes in British colonialism. These places are survivors of past eras, but they are also communities where people live and work and they are sites of mass tourism. Interpretation of the history of these places is often a conflict between representations of the suffering that took place, the grandeur created by immense wealth and the desire of the tourism industry to present them as curiosities. The representation of place and space has become a commodity as the reasons for the original settlement and development no longer exist. The suggestion is that much of what is being presented as heritage has been conveniently „airbrushed‟.Item Open Access The New Localism: Evaluating the importance of Neighbourhood Governance in delivering Regeneration Strategies(AESOP, 2010) Bailey, NickNeighbourhood governance is a particular institutional response designed to achieve a variety of civic, social, political and management objectives. Although it takes different forms, the core aims are: to engage residents, create partnerships, enhance representation and improve service delivery. It also reflects broader changes in the way an increasingly globalised society is regulated including the changing role of the state; the growth of partnership, the shift from government to governance and the increased focus on citizen-centred or network governance. This paper reviews the rationale and forms of neighbourhood governance which have been applied to a number of recent policy initiatives. It evaluates the lessons learnt from two recent government-funded programmes in England: the Neighbourhood Management Pathfinders and the New Deal for Communities programme. In addition, a detailed evaluation of one of the Pathfinders in the City of Westminster is drawn on. The paper concludes that neighbourhood governance has a number of different rationales but all have a common focus on the delivery of services and community engagement at the local level. A key finding is that it is a particularly important strategy for urban regeneration because of its holistic approach and commitment to community involvement. But there is no ‘best fit’ in terms of a model which can be applied uniformly in all contexts.Item Open Access Revitalization strategy for historic city of Jaipur(AESOP, 2010) Sharma, UtpalThe current trend of urbanization has brought new opportunities to the approach in conservation of heritage cities in India. The integrative approach to urban conservation and urban development brings reforms in policy for development and a design concept of ‘Public realm’ as an important tool to resolve issues of heritage and infrastructure. Tourism has emerged as an important social and economic force to mediate conservation and urban development, and to revitalize the essential structuring elements of built environment for the new challenges of urban change. The revitalization plan integrates the infrastructure needs, strengthen the historical elements, layering the tourism needs, creating neighborhood spaces, decongesting the traffic and improving the quality of space to allow both the people of the city and tourist to enjoy the experience.