2016 - 4th WPSC "Global crisis, planning & challenges to spatial justice in the North and in the South", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Јuly 3-8th

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14235/2330

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Open Access
A Critical evaluation of the latest regional planning efforts in Turkey
(AESOP, 2016) Dedekorkut-Howes, Aysin; Kaya, Nursen; Howes, Michael
There are a series of problems and issues planners face that are best dealt with at a regional scale such as air quality, water quality, habitat protection, transportation planning, urban sprawl (land use and growth management), economic development and social equity (Wheeler, 2000). However, regional planning is easier said than done. Planning usually occurs within administrative boundaries but economic development and environmental systems transcend these. Most of the time political boundaries do not reflect an economically, ecologically and socially functional region (Calthorpe and Fulton, 2001). When the region is ill-defined planning may not achieve its goals. Planning powers and authority are usually fragmented among competing local governments and agencies with different missions. The new millennium saw the first systematic regional planning efforts in Turkey to guide development. While there have been regional plans since 1960s these have been ad hoc, on a needs basis. The purpose of the earlier plans was to bring some order into the development taking place outside municipal boundaries due to the rapid population growth. However, these plans were not well defined by law at the time resulting in unceasing arguments over the function, content, scale, quality, legal basis of the plans as well as the responsibility and authority to make them (Tekinbaş, 2001).
Open Access
A democratizing planning governance in Hong Kong - for whose interest?
(AESOP, 2016) Chiu, Rebecca L.H.
With a populace itchy to establish full democracy and a political system not yet allowing political parties to form government, planning issues in Hong Kong have been politicized beyond the aim of prompt provision of land for economic activities, affordable housing and a livable environment. Since 2011, increasing planning and land development controversies arose partly because of the intensifying tension in the political system and partly because of the government’s identification of severe land supply shortage as the fundamental problem causing severe housing affordability problems, thus making relentless effort to search and develop new land for housing development. A quick survey of the mass media reports between 1911 and 2014 would find that nineteen housing concern groups were formed opposing to government’s proposed land use rezoning for housing development or government’s public housing projects. These oppositions eventually led to the revision or review of nine development projects. The grounds of opposition were inadequate transport, infrastructure or community facilities. These are legitimate concerns, but they also led to a total reducing of 15,340 housing units. Apparently there are trade-offs in the democratizing planning system: a more participatory planning process and a more empowered civil society versus slower land and housing development processes and therefore higher housing prices; and better livability versus slower pace to improve the housing quality of the disadvantaged groups.
Open Access
A European perspective of Inter-Municipal cooperation: The institutionalisation of the metropolis (2005 - 2015)
(AESOP, 2016) Dornelles Hosannah, Luciana
In today’s inter-connected world, governments rarely possess the full capability to solve their individual policy areas (Nelles, 2010), municipal borders are often ‘fictitious’ within larger metropolitan territories and all communities are confronted with the increasing scale and complexity of social processes, which result in increasing number of externalities to local policies. The necessity to think beyond municipal boundaries when dealing with key challenges and opportunities has led several European governments to consider exploring inter-municipal cooperation (IMC) as possible institutional solutions. In European context, national governments and the European Union have increased their focus on IMC for regional and metropolitan governance in the past ten years. This is illustrated by several recent institutional reports on the subject (Ahrend, Gamper, & Schumann, 2014; EUROCITIES, 2011; Göddecke-Stellmann et al., 2011; Griesel & van de Waart, 2011; Meijers, Hoogerbrugge, & Hollander, 2012; Tasan-Kok & Vranken, 2011). Academic literature has not, however, kept up with this policy shift, having far fewer academic Europe-wide comparative studies produced in the same period of time (Feiock, 2007; Hulst & Van Montfort, 2007; Otgaar, 2008). This gap between institutional interest and academic productions is important to acknowledge, as it essentially signifies a contemporary political trend in European metropolitan governance that is undergoing fewer academic methodical analysis than would be expected.
Open Access
A historical perspective on National Spirit and the Shape of Public Space：the experience from the evolution of the Central Park in Chongqing, China (1928-2013)
(AESOP, 2016) Li, Shanshan
From the the theory of the production of the space which is created by Heri Lefevbvre, there is a reconciliation between mental space which is the space of the philosopher and the real space which is the physical and social spheres. Basic on the understanding above the modern public space is not a fixed place but an open and extended system which is continuously constructed by the national sprit, local culture and economic during the dynamic evolution. What is also means, the public spaces are concentrated reflect to the local experiences. The evolution of China’s modern public spaces has a unique process which is closely related to the transformation of the national spirit since modern times. Specifically, the urban park of China did not come out from the functional requirement of modern city but a national landscape in a local context. And the following process of the park also affected by the specific idea of nations. As a physical space which is the representation of local culture and public sphere, the historical perspective on the public park of China can give a general picture of the evolution process of modern China’s public spaces since the 20th century.
Open Access
A research on the features of the rural planning practice in China in the past Decade
(AESOP, 2016) Sun, Ying
Based on the special institution and development process, the urban-rural relations in China are very particular. The rural areas play different roles in different stage of urbanization and the status of rural areas changed a lot. Since the launching of reform and opening-up program over 30 years ago, China has quickened the pace of urbanization, with urban population increasing from 170 million to some 700 million and numbers of cities increasing to 657 in 20111. In 2011, the urbanization rate in China exceeded 50% and China entered “the urban era”. However, while the cities developed rapidly, the rural areas fell into stagnation and recession. With the decline of the rural economy and the large-scale migration to cities, large numbers of villages disappeared or transformed. Since 2003 the central government focus on the rural problems, which gradually becomes a hot topic these year. It is an urgent need for urban planning discipline to expand its research field to rural development and planning. Following the central policies such as “Coordinated Urban-rural development”, “Construction of Socialist New Countryside”, the practice of rural planning flourished. Many urban planners are engaged in various rural planning practice. What are the features of the rural planning in the past decade in China? What are the types, the targets, and the content of rural plans? What does the rural planning contribute to the development of the urban-rural relations? These are the objects of this study.
Open Access
A spatial and longitudinal analysis of unmet transportation needs during hurricanes Katrina and Rita
(AESOP, 2016) Joh, Kenneth; Norman, Alexandria; Bame, Sherry I.
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita had a tremendous impact on transportation infrastructure and services in the United States. While other parts of the world have suffered greater losses from natural disasters, Katrina and Rita rank among the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in U.S. history (NOAA, 2014). They ravaged the Gulf Coast of the United States within a three-week period, with landfall first on August 29 then September 24, 2005. These disasters led to the largest mass evacuation in U.S. history, strained the region’s transportation infrastructure and services, and tested the effectiveness of state emergency management offices to respond to calls for transportation needs. Although there is a growing literature on the impacts of natural disasters on transportation infrastructure (Freckleton et al., 2012; Szyliowicz, 2013; TRB, 2008; Wolshon et al., 2005), there is scant research on emergency response to transportation needs, particularly unmet needs of disaster victims who face barriers to affordable transportation and services. Objectives This study fills this important gap through an unprecedented analysis of transportation-related 2-1-1 (non-emergency) disaster call data collected in real-time during the period of the hurricanes, allowing for the investigation of unmet transportation needs by location and disaster phases. We conducted a spatial and longitudinal analysis of 2-1-1 transportation-related calls in the US state of Texas to identify “hot spots” of unmet transportation needs.
Open Access
A spatial pattern of housing and transport costs in Bordeaux Metropolitan Area
(AESOP, 2016) Deymier, Ghislaine; Gaschet, Frederic; Pouyanne, Guillaume; Premaillon, Robin
This research focus on sustainable city by developing a methodology of housing and transport costs assessment in order to understand the vulnerability level of households and land in Bordeaux Metropolitan area. It appears necessary to articulate better, in the analysis of urban durability, environmental dimension and socioeconomic dimension. Too often focalized on the only environmental footprint of urban growth, approaches in terms of urban durability neglect most often stakes of social sustainability of housing and transport linked to urban forms. However, the housing issue is essential for understand space inequality. The low-income families is broadly led to move away from urban centers to find a place to live and particularly to achieve ownership. This urban phenomenon of relegation leads to negative effects on mobility of these households: lengthening of travel time and distance and consequently travel costs owing to automobile dependency. In this way, households are confronted with a vulnerability defines itself with regard to the risk of social isolation and on the other hand to the risk of poverty directly linked to housing and transport costs. Exploiting data of notarial real estate transactions and tax level, supplemented by inquiries will allow to assess the vulnerability level and residential mobility of housings. The sustainable mobility of persons concerns notably the outlying suburbs because it raises a certain number of stakes both on environmental, economic and social plan and on space organization of these areas.
Open Access
A study on trip mobility deprivation of residents in migrant community in the urban fringe of Shanghai Metropolitan Area
(AESOP, 2016) Li, Jihuan
As the largest city in China, Shanghai has witnessed a rapidly increasing floating population. Compared with the central city and the outer suburban area, the periphery of Shanghai has been the area with the fastest growth of floating population. Due to its location, relatively low housing prices, and job opportunities, the periphery of Shanghai has accommodated many migrant workers. As a vulnerable group with relatively low income, these migrant workers’ daily travel patterns are quite different from other city dwellers. This paper focuses on trip mobility of residents in migrant community on the periphery of Shanghai metropolitan area. The research tries to figure out: (i) to what extent the trip mobility of immigrants is deprived; (ii) what cause the deprivation; (iii) how can things be improved. Seven migrant communities on the periphery of Shanghai were selected as case studies. In each community, the overall population is more than 10,000, the land area is more than one square kilometer, and the percentage of floating population in total population is more than 80%. In order to evaluate the deprivation level of the migrant’s daily travel, seven other local communities with similar locations and population sizes were selected as control groups. As opposed to the migrant communities, percentages of local hukou residents in these communities are over 80%(Figure 1).
Open Access
Activisms and the city
(AESOP, 2016) Grossi de Oliveira, Laís
The postulate that the city, its space, production and planning are neutral and objective has been contested by several authors. They highlight the political and ideological aspects of the city, and its use as reinforcement to certain dominances. This critical perspective focuses both in the city’s role as a maintainer of the capitalist mode of production and class relations, and as a maintainer of other oppressions – such as gender, ethnic and religion – which also are strengthened in the city and by the city. This article has as its main subject the propositions leaded by citizens which are alternatives for the hegemonic urban planning and management. With the city of Belo Horizonte as the main context, the goal is to investigate the impact of social movements, activisms, committees, collectives etc. who aim freedom, justice and equality for the cities they live in. These groups will be named as “urban activism stritcto sensu”1(free translation), as well as did Marcelo Lopes de Souza in 2006. For them, the struggles are not only for accessing urban resources, but also for putting in practice the “right to the city” in its broad sense: The right to participate and reclaim the decisions and transformations of the city.
Open Access
Agglomeration benefits and polycentric growth: envisioning an efficient central metropolitan area in Belgium
(AESOP, 2016) Boussauw, Kobe; van Meeteren, Michiel; Sansen, Joren; Storme, Tom
In Flanders (Belgium), the regional government engages itself to develop an efficient ‘metropolis Flanders’, which is large enough to assume an important economic position in the network of urban regions of the north-western European delta. The heart of this urban agglomeration is the metropolitan core area that comprises roughly the functional space of the quadrangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp-Ghent, also known as the ‘Flemish Diamond’ (Albrechts & Lievois, 2004). This densely populated core area is well accessible and embedded in the European context, but experiences a variety of pressures. For example, a large portion of the predicted population growth of Flanders and Brussels is expected to settle in this area. As a consequence, the development of a ‘metropolis Flanders’ should be based on solid strategic planning policies. The current paper reports on a research project (Van Meeteren et al., 2015), aimed at determining whether the defined metropolitan area operates as a well-integrated urban agglomeration, and at developing a spatial vision on strengthening this metropolitan core area through a stakeholder debate. We make this analysis respectively with regards to the labour market, the housing market, and the transport sector (with the emphasis on public transport). The study is positioned within the guidelines as set out by the Green Paper on Spatial Policy in Flanders (Flemish Government, 2012), meaning that the emphasis will be put on the ability to support a spatial visioning process, rather than aiming for an exhaustive spatial analysis. The exercise is carried out in a complex institutional context. Boussauw et al. (2013) indicate that the central-Belgian metropolitan area spreads out across three administrative regions (Flanders, Brussels Capital Region, and Wallonia), with the Dutch-French language border as a very strong barrier within some subsystems (e.g. within a range of public services), but nonetheless negligible in many other subsystems (e.g. international businesses).
Open Access
An evaluation of municipal efforts for climate change mitigation and adaptation: two cases from Turkey
(AESOP, 2016) Gedikli, Bahar; Balaban, Osman
Climate change mitigation and adaptation is a multi-level challenge, i.e. it requires simultaneous action at international, national and local levels. Since climate change is a global problem, political responses have been primarily developed at international platforms where nation-states participated. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol are significant attempts in this regard. Meanwhile, the “local” has been also widely recognized as an appropriate level to tackle the climate change problem. Accommodating roughly half of world’s population, more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions are generated in cities. Ironically, cities are also the places which are vulnerable to climate change effects (Rosenzweig et al. 2010, Hunt and Watkiss 2011). The most severe potential effects of climate change on cities are heat waves, periods of extreme winter cold, increased frequency of air and water pollution episodes, rising sea levels and increased risk of storm surge, changes in the frequency and severity of flooding associated with more intense precipitation (Wilby 2007). The growing concerns for climate change have led to urban responses by municipalities across the world particularly since the 1990s. Municipalities with their authorities over land-use planning, water and waste management, energy consumption and transportation can play significant roles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, they can go beyond their already defined responsibilities, and develop bottom-up initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Betsill and Bulkeley 2005). It should be noted that the growing interest and involvement of municipalities in climate change mitigation and adaptation has also led to establishment of climate-related international and regional partnerships and networks for the last two decades.
Open Access
An exploration of the social justice framework to development appropriate land use planning tools/mechanisms for a post-apartheid redistributive context
(AESOP, 2016) Klug, Neil
This paper broadly responds to the apparent lack of planning efficacy in South Africa in addressing the apartheid spatial legacy. In particular the paper focuses on land use management mechanisms and their failure to address the apparent disjuncture between the prescribed normative redistributive principles to guide planning and the actual developments on the ground, that have largely exacerbated the spatial inequalities in South African cities (Berrisford, 2011:255). Now twenty-one years post-apartheid the growing inequality in South Africa, is keenly reflected in the persistent apartheid spatial legacy illuminated by the ongoing social imbalances situated in the spatial patterns of our cities. Evidence over the past fifteen years suggests that despite the normative principles, and strategic spatial frameworks for guidance, planners and policy makers have not been clear on how to respond to planning development applications at the local level, in order to adhere to the principles.
Open Access
An intuitive “Scientific Workflow System” for spatial planning
(AESOP, 2016) Florescu, Tiberiu; Sârbu, Cătălin N.; Mitrea, Andrei; Chirilă, Corina T.; Chiș, Alin D.; Cocheci, Vlad; Costin, Alexandru V.
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in complex spatial planning problems. Consequently, almost every research exercise has to face the rise of vast new bodies of information, which become increasingly difficult to handle. At the same time, big data expands rapidly through recurrent additions of new datasets. In principle, such readily available data should pave the way for greater transparency in planning, research and decision-making. Unfortunately, the increased availability of data comes with a huge drawback: data is usually available in many flavours of varying quality. Therefore, one needs to clean, normalize and filter such data, prior to connecting it with other sets of already processed information. This is most certainly a necessary exercise. However, it subjects the researcher to the arduous task of cleaning and sorting data, which is normally a time consuming, repetitive and often boring task. Moreover, it represents just a fraction of the entire problem he or she aims to address. In addition, these new kinds of research require an inter-disciplinary approach: statistics, mathematics, informatics, geography, economics and sociology, urban and regional planning, as well as law and politics, to name only a few. Any researcher involved in such activities therefore needs to work with different tools, each coming with its own files, formats and language. It quickly becomes very difficult to keep track of all the data within one’s workspace.
Open Access
An urban heritage that transform to survive: the case of Gençlik Parkı
(AESOP, 2016) Buyukcivelek, A.Burak
Urban parks are considered as very dynamic elements that both reflect socio economic transformations and contribute to shape those social and economic conditions. The current study focuses on the case of Geçlik Parkı (Youth Park) in Ankara, Turkey to examine how the park has transformed with respect to changing social and economic conditions. Occurred transformations have been analysed in four periods (1900-1950: early republican period, 1950-1980: rural migrations and urban change, 1980-2000: decline of the park, 2000-present: rebirth within Islamic neoliberalism). Each period is analysed on the basis of its social and economic character, cultural specificities and spatial dimension with particular emphasis on Gençlik Parkı. The first period covers the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and its spatial implications. The city of Ankara selected as the capital of the republic and considered as the concretisation ground of the early republican ideals. The city has been planned according to aesthetical and functional standards as urban planning has been considered as a tool to realise a number of social and cultural policies. Being part of the process Gençlik Parkı appeared as an urban element that both reflect the social and economic aims of the early republic and as a tool to intervene into social and economic processes to form modern and secular westernised society. In this period Gençlik Parkı has been highly utilised by the inhabitants of Ankara as a social, cultural and sport centre.
Open Access
Analysis of the articulation between the national regional planning and the local urban planning in the semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil
(AESOP, 2016) Gomes de Sousa, Lucas; Maranhão de Castro, Danielle; Cardoso, Gabriel Napoleão; Dias, Laísla Liberato Melo
Brazil's uneven regional development is characterized by the strong existence of differences deriving from specific structures concerning the conformation of each region due to the form Brazil was colonized years ago. In Northeastern Brazil, also due to the consistent drought that affects the region. The regional and social inequality can be observed by comparing each region's GNP (Gross National Product). According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), the South and Southeast regions of Brazil represented, in 2010, approximately 72% of Brazil's total GNP, with only seven federated states. On the other hand, the Northeast region concentrated, with nine federated states, only 13,5%.
Open Access
Analyzing Incremental Changes in Local Planning Institutions: Investigating transformation process after city-county consolidation in Tainan, Taiwan
(AESOP, 2016) Yang, Yi-Chen; Huang, Wei-Ju
For two decades, some planning scholars have tried to apply the concept of institutionalism in the studies of planning theory, but most of them mainly focus on how institutional innovation occur in a particular place, or how planning systems vary in different places (for example Pasty Healey, Bishwapriya Sanyal, and so on). Recently, Andre Sorensen proposes a historical institutional (HI) research agenda in planning theory. He argues that applying the HI approach to study the development of planning institutions in a particular place or to compare planning systems in different places can strengthen their theoretical framing and provide meaningful connections between physical and social phenomena. However, applicability of the approach and its contributions in planning studies remains further exploration. In light of this, this study aims to explore the potential of the HI approach in planning research via investigating the transformation process of planning institutions in Tainan City, Taiwan after a city-county consolidation. Historical institutionalist provides a systematical way to analyze what contribute to the institutional change or path dependence after critical junctures. Historical institutionalism is best known for the concept of ‘path dependence’ and ‘critical junctures’. According to Sorensen (2015, p. 21), ’[t]he core idea of path dependence is that, once established, some institutions tend to become increasingly difficult to change over time, and so small choices early on can have significant long-term impacts.’
Open Access
Application of land readjustment in post‐disaster reconstruction planning: a case of Bhuj, India
(AESOP, 2016) Byahut, Sweta; Mittal, Jay
The objective of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of the application of the use of land readjustment mechanism specifically in post‐disaster reconstruction situation. While a disaster such as an earthquake or a tsunami causes large scale devastation and destruction, these events have sometimes been used by planners for large scale reconstitution of land holdings through application of planning tools such as land readjustment (or land pooling). Land readjustment is a process of reconstitution of land holdings or lots into rational and regular shaped lots, adding public infrastructure such as public roads and parks, the land for which is contributed equitably by all landowners, as a percentage of their land holdings. Several examples are available from around the world where local governments and policy makers have used such an approach while rebuilding lost housing and infrastructure.
Open Access
Approaching sustainable green and blue solutions in order to compensate grey streams of traffic
(AESOP, 2016) Teräväinen, Helena
This paper is aiming to explicate how the planning course named “Possible Cities” is trying to have an impact in the discussions around Helsinki City Master Plan. The course is a studio on Master’s level in the department of architecture, at Aalto ARTS. The outlined learning outcomes in the studio “Possible Cities” are relatively extensive, and after successfully finishing the course the students should be able to recognize different elements of the community structure like the landscape, land use, production and service and the networks connecting these. They are also expected to know how to apply in the planning central data describing communities and describe the factors changing the community structure, different scale levels, and the urban region as a dynamic system. The should be capable to draw up a draft for a partial disposition or master plan or strategic master plan draft in teamwork together with other student from different fields. During the course they should act productively in the group in different roles because that is seen crucial in the professional life of planners. The New Helsinki City master plan process has been going on from 2012. In the Vision 2050 Helsinki is a part of the region and belongs to the network of European big cities. The growth of knowledge intensive industries and the resulting economic modalities shape the trend of strategic planning. Helsinki will be a network city with good rail traffic and an expanding main centre where some high ways will be developed into boulevards for new housing, and this is called Urban Boulevardization.
Open Access
Architecture and urban planning: creating a new place for women
(AESOP, 2016) Castro, Paula Donegá de
The presence of women in Architecture and Urban Planning schools isn’t something new; Brazil had its first female graduate in architecture as early as 1908. Over time, women reached the numerical supremacy in this field. Nevertheless, being majority over their male colleagues does not prevent these professionals from having considerably lower incomes, or their works from being less prominent. If we hope to shape our cities into more inclusive environments, which take into consideration the multiple contexts and needs of its citizens, we must listen and acknowledge all kinds of experiences. The sexism in the field not only backtracks women’s careers, it also makes it harder for them to give extremely important input as knowledgeable professionals. To this day, the main voice behind planning and urban politics are those of men. Therefore, this paper will cover analyses and conjectures about the context and the social processes that have contributed to establish the situation women architects are currently facing in Brazil, where the sheer power of numbers is not enough to prevent them from being sidelined. These analyses were grouped into three distinct categories named “myths”. These proposed axes – elaborated after reading and analyzing multiple sources – were the ones considered essential to the better understanding of the place created for women in this field of knowledge. The choice of the term “myth” to name them derives from the understanding that those are anachronistic and outdated concepts, detached of today’s reality, although they still have a great impact on people’s daily lives.
Open Access
Artistic urban interventions, informality and public sphere: research insights from ephemeral urban appropriations on a cultural district
(AESOP, 2016) Costa, Pedro; Lopes, Ricardo
Artistic intervention in cultural districts can be an outstanding viewpoint to understand the multiple layers of uses and segregations that bring everyday life vitality to the complex organisms cities are. Urban informality contexts can be fundamental for the expression of this diversity and to liminality strategies, particularly interesting in the case of artistic intervention, as artistic creativity is often about transgression, differentiation, and, therefore, conflict. Small initiatives that develop in an informal and ephemeral way by artists who choose the city as stage for their work, exploring the ambiguous and flexible boundaries between public and private spaces are particular interesting, evidencing the usual conflicts verified on creative milieus but being also important to keep these places as vernacular as possible and to avoid gentrification processes. In this perspective, this paper aims to discuss this relation between urban interventions, informality and public sphere appropriation, analyzing the way informal artistic dynamics can contribute to urban re-vitalization and to the enhancement of real creative milieus. Drawing on a research-action based methodology the authors explore the results and impacts of three experiences of urban intervention that they developed in three consecutive years in informal urban contexts in Bairro Alto, the main cultural quarter of Lisbon, Portugal. These ephemeral artistic interventions introduced in the city new spaces of public use, performing different public and private spaces, and bringing them to the public sphere, creating also “new” zones that re-gain a utility in the city, contributing to the vitality and symbolic centrality of this area.