2016 - 4th WPSC "Global crisis, planning & challenges to spatial justice in the North and in the South", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Јuly 3-8th

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Open Access
Proceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the south
(AESOP, 2016) Randolph, Rainer
We are publishing here the extended abstracts presented at the IV WPSC. Those which were discussed in the Track Sessions, as well as a considerable number of contributions in Plenary and Special Sessions and Roundtables. Farnak Miraftab´s Opening Keynote “Insurgency, planning and the prospect of a humane urbanism” was published (in portuguese) in ANPUR´s journal Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais (Brazilian Journal of Urban and Regional Studies), v.18, n. 3 (2016), p. 363-377 (http://rbeur.anpur.org.br/rbeur/article/view/5499). It is our conviction that these texts reflect an important panorama of ideas, thoughts, experiences and practices of the nearly 600 researchers, scientists, students and practioneers who attended the congress in Rio de Janeiro with the aim to have an unique opportunity to discuss the matter of planning with colleagues from all over the world. As it puts our colleague Carlos Balsas in the conclusions he wrote about his experiences by participating the discussions at the congress: “Attention was directed at the need to look forward to more planning not less, more planning research not less, and more educational opportunities to strengthen urban and regional planning. … Alternative paradigms based on the radical deconstruction of prevailing knowledge sets and philosophies by some of those living in southern and northern hemispheres are making positive strides and can be confidently further developed”
Open Access
How do creative sectors relate to the historical city center: the case of Grand Bazaar in Istanbul
(AESOP, 2016) Çetin, Reycan
At the end of the 20th century, the manufacturing sector was removed from the cities, and instead the services sector that produces intangible assets such as information technology and knowledge was recommended for development. In addition, these new development policies defined culture as an economic variable, as well. Information, culture and creativity became key words for economic policies. The attempt to define culture and creativity as economically important factors has led to economic studies of creativity. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) asserts that creative economy is important for economic development, not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. UNCTAD also publishes Creative Economy Report to help countries plot their own road maps by emphasizing their unique strengths. Creative sectors are defined differently by different social scientists, but the importance of city life appears to be the common denominator for all of them. The city exhibits not only a physical infrastructure, but also an intellectual infrastructure, in the form of cultural diversity, research resources, meeting places, and tolerance to alternative life styles. Cultural accumulation from the past, traditions and different lifestyles of the city offer an appropriate milieu for creativity. Landry (2000), a pioneer scientist in creative studies, argues that cities that have an ancient history and are able to transfer this history to current generations, have a great advantage in being creative.
Open Access
Artistic urban interventions, informality and public sphere: research insights from ephemeral urban appropriations on a cultural district
(AESOP, 2016) Costa, Pedro; Lopes, Ricardo
Artistic intervention in cultural districts can be an outstanding viewpoint to understand the multiple layers of uses and segregations that bring everyday life vitality to the complex organisms cities are. Urban informality contexts can be fundamental for the expression of this diversity and to liminality strategies, particularly interesting in the case of artistic intervention, as artistic creativity is often about transgression, differentiation, and, therefore, conflict. Small initiatives that develop in an informal and ephemeral way by artists who choose the city as stage for their work, exploring the ambiguous and flexible boundaries between public and private spaces are particular interesting, evidencing the usual conflicts verified on creative milieus but being also important to keep these places as vernacular as possible and to avoid gentrification processes. In this perspective, this paper aims to discuss this relation between urban interventions, informality and public sphere appropriation, analyzing the way informal artistic dynamics can contribute to urban re-vitalization and to the enhancement of real creative milieus. Drawing on a research-action based methodology the authors explore the results and impacts of three experiences of urban intervention that they developed in three consecutive years in informal urban contexts in Bairro Alto, the main cultural quarter of Lisbon, Portugal. These ephemeral artistic interventions introduced in the city new spaces of public use, performing different public and private spaces, and bringing them to the public sphere, creating also “new” zones that re-gain a utility in the city, contributing to the vitality and symbolic centrality of this area.
Open Access
Cappadocia: the current issues in planning a World Heritage Site
(AESOP, 2016) Dincer, Hamza Yuksel
The cultural heritage landscapes are facing many threats. These threats can be focused on the human effects simultaneously on the nature. In special cases the threats due to the nature’s and human’s effects, can be together and simultaneous. The effects of threats is widening; the problems of protection are becoming increasingly complex. Cappadocia is a significant example for this situation. Cappadocia in terms of natural and cultural values, with transcultural continuity of daily life, say semi-troglodyte, in cave houses, is a unique masterpiece of nature. The permanent contributions of humanity throughout history have transformed Cappadocia, from a natural area of the simple rural life troglodyte, to a World Heritage Site of UNESCO. The fairy chimneys with their structure easy to dig and shape, are good protectors for cultural continuity created in the natural landscape. The most essential natural threat that Cappadocia is facing today is the erosion. The life of hoodoos that begins with the birth followed by improving ends with a slow process of disappearance, the cycle of nature. The idea to keep or maintain their shape is synonymous to stop the time. Moreover, cultural works created in these hoodoos are the most important values and prestigious in the world and certainly their protection is a humanitarian obligation. The tourism potential of World Heritage sites is very important for local people. But the extreme increase in tourism sector oriented cultural values has become a destructive threat. Development plans and regional planning were shaped by decisions and policies that contribute to this development. The trend is to offer cave houses to tourism demands, transforming them to "boutique hotels". Small traditional institutions lose their vernacular habitat, gradually transforming to holiday villages.
Open Access
Urban revitalization and social control - the case of Praça da Liberdade in Belo Horizonte - Brazil
(AESOP, 2016) Faria, Diomira Maria Cicci Pinto; Machado, Ana Flavia; Paglioto, Barbara Freitas; Dutra, Larissa Fernandes
The state capital of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, and the Praça da Liberdade (Liberty Square) were inaugurated in 1897, celebrating the republican values, at the expense of the image represented by the colonial city of Ouro Preto, the former capital. Around the Praça da Liberdade buildings were built to house state institutions such as the Government Palace and the state departments, in addition to the public archive and library. This place, since its inception, was established as the political center of the state of Minas Gerais. Due to the socioeconomic growth of the new capital and the inherent administrative functions, the buildings around the square were shown small to house the volume of administrative services and, in 1997, a project was developed to change the use of buildings, prioritizing cultural activities. The implementation of the project foreseen a partnership with the private sector, and for this would be transferred the management and maintenance of most cultural facilities to be created. After more than a decade of debates, in 2010, it was inaugurated the Cultural Circuit Liberty Square - CCPL, composed by twelve museums and cultural centers. This research aims to analyze the impact of revitalization actions in the Praça da Liberdade influence area and its appropriation by tourism. To attain the goal were conducted interviews with institutions that make up the CCPL, a structured questionnaire with managers from thirty-five outlets located in the Square influence area and a literature review regarding the formation of cultural territories, urban revitalization with emphasis in cultural facilities and the anthropological critique of urban renewal processes. Of exploratory nature, the research is justified in order to know in depth the effects and impacts of spatial concentration of cultural facilities in a particular place, which occurred within the last five years.
Open Access
Initial considerations on orthodox and heterodox theories of heritage conservation Catherine Jacqueline
(AESOP, 2016) Gallois, Suzanne
This paper aims to make an initial reflection on the differences between the different theories of cultural heritage conservation. Seeking thus to contribute to the analysis of contemporary challenges of planning built heritage conservation in Brazil, by recognizing the dichotomy between orthodox and heterodox theories of conservation (meaning of Lixinsky and taken over by Wells, 2015). In the heritage conservation management field as well as in the academic field of research on heritage preservation in Brazil, difficulties in the application of the principles and assumptions of the property cards and other official documents of which Brazil is a signatory, as UNESCO's Conventions, for example, are often criticized. The basic law of preservation of the Brazilian national heritage (Decree-Law No 25/1937) and conservation practices are based on a theoretical framework of European origin, whose same premises date back to the pioneering efforts of heritage conservation of the Renaissance in Italian Quattrocento (Choay, 2001). Far from denying the importance of the trajectory of heritage preservation in Brazil, which saved numerous monuments of destruction in its heroic phase (Fonseca, 2005), it must be recognized that today, in the face of intense social and urban changes in globalized cities, we face with huge technical, social, cultural, political and economic challenges in the field of heritage conservation.
Open Access
The politics of spatialising shared pasts in (post-) colonial and diaspora times
(AESOP, 2016) Hammami, Feras
This study investigates issues of mutuality in post-colonial heritage, with a specific focus on the Palestinians who returned to Palestine in the temporary period of peace (1993-2000) and those who remained and continue to endure the colonisation. With the signing of the Oslo Agreement in 1993, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the State of Israel agreed to end the First Intifada (1987-1993), or “Uprising” against the Israeli occupation of Palestine in 1948. The Palestinian Authority (PA) was established as the legitimate government of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), constituting the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Around 100,000 Palestinians, who had been living in the diaspora since being ‘ethnically cleansed’ (Pappé 2006) during the Israeli occupations in 1948 and 1967, were allowed by the Israeli government to return to the OPT (MPC 2013, p.1). Some came only as temporary visitors, travelling under the passports of their new nationalities, but many came to stay. They returned to what they still remembered as their homeland to search for their roots, history and identity, and to contribute to the restoration of Palestine. During their exile, they had sustained their identity through the memories of what they had lost. Upon their arrival, the returnees were confronted by significant socio-spatial changes as well as the large scale of destruction in the OPT. Those who had remained in Palestine, and had suffering internal displacement or had held on to their original homes despite the occupations, called themselves the samedeen, or “the steadfast”, and had their own experiences and memories.
Open Access
Heritage inside out: uses of the past to reclaim the city
(AESOP, 2016) Hammami, Feras; Uzer, Evren
Cities worldwide have always been spaces of difference – individuals from all walks of life negotiate their everyday life in relation to the conduct of others, and organise in groups and engage in politics, virtually and materially, in urban public spaces (Merrifield 2013). Since mid-nineteenth century however nationalist movements have used these spaces to edify the public about a common heritage and future, and to produce collectively shared experiences and a national identity (Smith 2006). These ideological uses of the past have been reviewed in the emerging field of critical heritage studies and described as a process of ‘heritagisation’ (Harvey 2001) through which the past has been ‘re-invented’ (Hobsbawm 1983) and re-used. Smith (2006, 17: 299) sees this process as an “authorized heritage discourse” (AHD) associated with the “grand narratives of Western national and elite class experiences”. The process produced a new form of collective imaginary ‘common’ defining for nation-state cultures and other forms of ‘imagined communities’ (Anderson 1983), yet also expanding with time and gaining partial global reach through UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention (1972) and its designation of “outstanding universal values” to some artefacts, be they tangible or intangible (Hammami 2012). Potential heritage that falls outside the desired narrative of value may in the process be cleansed, destroyed, or neglected (Baillie 2013).
Open Access
From intentions to consequences in urban design: comparing TOD design guidelines versus actual implementation in San Diego, California
(AESOP, 2016) Inam, Aseem
Urban design and planning initiatives are filled with well-meaning intentions, such as the preservation of historic assets, creation of compact and walkable residential neighborhoods, generation of low-energy and low-impact patterns of development, and types of urban form that promote greater choice in modes of transportation, including access to public transit. However, what matters ultimately are the consequences, more than the intentions, of such efforts. In other words, a key measure of the relative success of such initiatives is whether they have actually had an impact once they are implemented and built. Thus, it is important to understand the on-the-ground impact of well-meaning urban design guidelines as they are translated into built form, as well as the effectiveness of mixed-use transit-oriented developments located within low-density automobile-oriented contexts. This research project examines the relative effectiveness and subsequent impact of two pioneering and related urban design initiatives. In 1989, the City of San Diego became one of the first American cities to propose citywide transit-oriented development (TOD) design guidelines. Formally adopted by the city as public policy in 1992, the TOD Design Guidelines were intended to pursue an urban form that includes a pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use multimodal transportation environment. In 1992, the Rio Vista West project was conceived as the first new transit-oriented development project in San Diego. Completed in 2006, Rio Vista West contains over 1,000 residential units, 325,000 square feet of retail development, 165,000 of office space, and amenities such as a 2-acre park and a day care center.
Open Access
Informal morphology: investigating the internal structure of spontaneous settlements
(AESOP, 2016) Iovene, Maddalena
The urban outburst of the twenty-first century is mostly happening in the Global South, and yet it is still regarded according to western planning theories (Roy, 2005) with a truly design orientated view of urbanization. This reveals the inability of the urban disciplines to be adaptive and responsive to the alterations of the cultural and economic context of cities over time. As a matter of fact the emergence of a globalized, large-scale system of city production in the neoliberal economy, which Alexander has shortly named “System B” (Alexander, Neis, & Moore-Alexander, 2012), accompanied by the expanding power of administrative bureaucracies on urban life, has spread patterns of alienation and impersonality among urban residents (Weber, Martindale, & Neuwirth, 1958); and encouraged socio-spatial fragmentation and divides in cities (Watson, 2009). Under this perspective, unplanned or otherwise informal developments around the world, emerged out of forms of less-planned development if not sheer improvisation, have often proven to result in positively underpinning vitality and prosperity in urban change at many levels (Landry & Bianchini, 1995). Current studies on informal settlements explore aspects of their social, economic and physical character, such as housing and community, land tenure, policies of occupation and acquisition, location, size, boundaries and quality of construction materials; however ‘there has been little effort to develop a model of the internal structure based on the Latin American urban experience’ (Griffin & Ford, 1980).
Open Access
Manifesting the unintended outcomes of transforming an inhospitable place into a vibrant neighborhood: the case of Liljeholmstorget, Stockholm
(AESOP, 2016) Karimnia, Elahe
To enrich the quality of urban spaces for social encounters is receiving a considerable attention in Stockholm and in most of current development processes. This paper aims to provide analysis about the provision of social qualities through macro and micro strategies in transformation of urban spaces to become meaningful places, to underline the mechanisms and structures behind the actual space. Both empirically and theoretically, the research discusses the ways public spaces are conceptualized implicitly by planning intentions, and explicitly by design of the physical environment. Through a critical but constructive perspective to the urban practice status quo in transformation process, the paper develops analytical expressions for shaping public places, their qualities and nuanced relations expected in everyday practice. To achieve this goal, this study applies Liljeholmstorget transformation project, as the representative case around densification policy in suburbs of Stockholm (1996-2009). The development strategy aimed at creating a transport hub to become more city like, means to achieve ‘diversity and shifting the industrial image’ by mixed-use blocks including: public services, residential, few offices, shopping mall, parking, and open spaces. Nominated as a best practice for “an important planning task in sustainable urban development”, the City was rewarded in 2010 for the transformation of “high quality, with integration of functions and realization of the vision for a safe, pleasant, and vibrant urban spaces”. The study examines the quality of public places, particularly manifesting the unintended patterns and ways, which different groups interact with the space and each other.
Open Access
Understanding perceptions of heritage in living places: the case of Greek traditional settlements
(AESOP, 2016) Katapidi, Ioanna
The reconsideration of heritage from a given ‘object’ with pre-defined meanings and values, to a process constructed, enacted and performed by individuals, based on their current values and needs has been receiving an increased interest (Ashworth 1994; 2012; Lowenthal 1985; Smith 2006; Schofield 2014). Indeed there is a wide consensus on the idea of heritage, in the context of urban places, as the result of deliberate selection rather than as an ontological reality of intrinsic and uncontested worth. Within this frame, examining people’s perceptions of heritage is of seminal importance in understanding what heritage is about and for what reasons (Graham, Ashworth and Tunbridge 2000; Stubbs 2004). However, it is often authorised views in identifying and qualifying something as heritage that still dominate. Authorised views of heritage, as expressed via conservation policies, have been questioned about their capacity to respond to local needs and to represent locals’ meanings and values. Schofield (2014) argues that since heritage relies on personal perceptions and interpretations everyone may be an expert, in a sense that everyone may have his/her own insights regarding the ‘object’ and ‘value’ of heritage. In this respect, examining the way that heritage is perceived not only by experts but also by lay people may contribute significantly to understanding what heritage, within a context of place, is about and why. This research examines the way in which people perceive heritage in living heritage places focusing on Greek traditional settlements. Despite the increased interest in examining the ways by which people perceive heritage (Smith 2006; Paillard 2012; Ashworth 1994), knowledge on lay-people perspectives of heritage in conjunction with these of experts within an area is still limited (Larkham 2000; Pendlebury 2009; Borer 2006).
Open Access
Post-privatisation (residential) landscapes: the case of spatial secessions in neighbourhood of Starčevica, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
(AESOP, 2016) Lakic, Sonja
In 2001, privatisation of socially owned apartments was initiated in Republika Srpska (one out of the two post-war emerged entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, here referred to as ‘the entity’). The process, which was considered an integral part of political ‘preparatory strategies for the inevitable economic and political transformation’ (Petrović, 2001, p. 216), resulted in variety of socio-spatial changes, producing ‘more serious negative (social) effects than expected’ (Petrović, 2005, p. 10). The new post-privatisation era was first and foremost characterised by the epidemic of the new means of behaviour of local population, who started setting themselves free what was suppressed during the socialism – e.g. ‘personalism, spontaneity, fragmentation’ (Hirt, 2012, p. 65) by reshaping their own apartments according to their own needs and, more importantly, their personal taste. These informal practices soon became so widespread and highly tolerated that ‘one might even hesitate to call them illegal’ (Petrović, 2005, p. 18). They led to anarchy and ‘overwhelming feeling of disorder’ (Hirt, 2012, p. 46), resulting in specific type of illegality I define as the new residential landscapes.
Open Access
Culture based planning and creative economy framework for indigenous community development
(AESOP, 2016) Lakra, Harshit Sosan; Pushplata
The concept of creative cities, cultural economy and culture based planning emerged in Europe in 1980’s which emphasized the need for culture based plan and demonstrated its benefits in economic development and urban planning. By 2001 the concept was accepted worldwide and adopted across cities of different sizes. This concept gained significance especially during global recession where cities were made to look for alternative creative approach to generate employment and improve quality of life. Cultural activities singly and collectively have become key factors in urban policy and city planning as they can be used to imitate interconnectedly for urban regeneration, place making, urban design and social planning. Cultural based planning particularly has impact socially, economically and environmentally. It promotes strong neighborhoods, promotes innovation, environmental sustainability, public health, lifelong learning, public safety, public life safe and improves quality of life. Conventional planning so far has been mostly driven with economic goal as the focus with popular strategies based on technologies and global perception. Culture based planning gives niche for each city, region to be creative in defining its own developmental growth (pattern), identifying its own parameters and have unique identity.
Open Access
Exploring alternatives for the redevelopment of peri-central neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro: an urban design teaching perspective Guilherme
(AESOP, 2016) Lassance, Guilherme; Duarte, Cristovão Fernandes; Pessoa, Alexandre
Strategic planning has been a means for cities to enhance their ability to attract investment, transforming them into territories that are now essentially understood as real estate profits generators. Acting as a main partner in such a process, the concept of urban regeneration then converges with the rehabilitation of historic centers, an agenda dictated by the postmodern critique and recently reinforced by the concept of 'sustainable city'. The first struggle is culturally driven and emerged as a reaction against the large-scale application of functionalist urban planning precepts incubated in the European context of postwar reconstruction. The second initiative, more concerned with environmental issues, seeks to reorient a whole lifestyle associated with a kind of urban 'product' that had been simultaneously stimulated by the consumer goods industry, especially in North America: the suburban single-family detached house. In both cases, we are talking about a process that resulted in the abandonment of urban centers by the economic elite. In Europe, the return to the city center was initially driven by historical heritage concerns combined with aggressive policies to improve energy performance of old buildings but has since been slowed down by the 'sales success' of these picturesque neighborhoods where the high cost per square meter is driven by the investments strategies of the international financial system (especially in major global cities). This tendency has represented a constant challenge for local governments forcing them to create and make use of legislation specifically conceived to ensure a minimum of social mix.
Open Access
How public are they? Evaluating the public accessibility of privately owned public space (POPS) in Taipei city, Taiwan
(AESOP, 2016) Lu, Hsin-Chieh; Stessa Chao, Tzuyuan
In modern society, public space plays an important role of the environmental quality of high-density urban areas. The quality of city life highly depends on the quantity, quality, and accessibility of public spaces. There are two types of public spaces from property right perspectives, public-owned and private-owned. The first initiative of privately owned public space (POPS) was taken place in city of New York in the 19th century. The rapid emergence of skyscrapers in the New York City resulted in enormous pressure to the surounding environment. To encourage private developers to provid more available public space, the New York City Government implemented incentive zoning with the legislation the 1961 Zoning Resolution (Kayden, 2000). This law became the precedent for what is now called privately owned public space (POPS). Similarly, to combat the difficulties with obtaining adequate funding and land for public space, the Taipei City Government provided additional floor area bonus as incentives in exchange for more POPS (Hsia, C. J., 1983) in the early 1980s. This new incentive zoning tool created 537 POPS between 1983 and 2010. At the same time, city of Berlin, Tokyo, Santiago de Chile, Melbourne, Hong Kong, and Bangkok have also utilized similar incentive zoning to create abundant POPS which are provided, planned, and managed by private sectors. According to Webster, under the market operation of Capitalism, land has always been scarce resources, and public space will inevitably become a part the private sphere because of the territorial fragmentation and the shrinking of the “public realm” (Webster, 2007). Predictably, POPS have become considerable sources of public spaces in many cities.
Open Access
Stuck in a present-past moment: the Everyday urban life of public spaces in conflict
(AESOP, 2016) Mady, Christinе
‘Good’ public spaces generate positive experiences, and encounters with a high degree of diversity within the urban context as explained by Sophie Watson. These public spaces are intrinsic urban components, which have the ability to span across time, and generations. They provide an aesthetic experience according to John Dewey, an enjoyable or intriguing experience, which gets imprinted in memory through the integration of the subject within the public space environment. Moreover, public spaces are conducive to direct or indirect interaction not only with the environment but also with other users as explained by Jan Gehl. Returning to such a public space in the present retrieves the past through memories, and gives the possibility of a repeated experience in the future. Also, public spaces are the mnemonic devices for collective memories as stated by Michael Hebbert; they knit a common ground based on shared social practices as indicated by Henri Lefebvre. In this manner, these spaces are a beacon of hope for social integration in divided societies, noting that divisions are caused by panoply of urban-based conflicts. Exploring contexts in conflict provides the opportunity to further understand the role of public spaces in volatile, unstable situations, which challenge the rights of urban inhabitants to use and shape their public spaces. Contestations among various actors about public spaces- including state authorities, property developers, and different groups of urban inhabitants- leave tangible and intangible traces that affect the past, present and future of everyday urban living. A fertile ground for conducting this exploration is the capital city of Lebanon, Beirut. This is a city that has witnessed a fifteen-year war between 1975 and 1990, and still witnesses different types of instabilities ever since. Beirut’s urban fabric is a palimpsest reflecting different historical periods with their natural growths, deformations and happenings.
Open Access
Urban heritage of the everyday: street knowledge and social identities, intersections between urban form and social life, two audiovisual case studies
(AESOP, 2016) Mkhabela, Solam
As countries become ever more urbanized and cities densely populated, so does the diversity of their inhabitants grow and bring a plethora of divergent experiences, perceptions, cultures and needs. Planned urban interventions are usually built on knowledge sets developed over time under specific conditions and assume certain norms. Those ‘recognized and approved’ knowledge sets quite often do not take other, more common forms of knowledge into consideration, although these might be more adequate and yet less certain, or even professionally tested. This disengagement potentially leads to misunderstanding of relevant context and results in real problems in implementation, post-factum utilisation and ultimately of design failure: those who need to use the space can actually not appropriate it for their interests and purposes: good and bad design becomes relative to the eye of the street walker. A central aim of this investigation is the exploration of how potentially different forms of perception, understanding, and/ or different forms of knowledge around street space and its use to the city’s many inhabitants can be engaged with around designed urban interventions. The study focuses on the role of audiovisual communication as ‘other’ form of embedding cultural knowledge in urban interventions/ education within the public realm. The proposal is to focus on public space in the form of streets as active basic urban elements that can provide spaces for public engagement in more proactive ways, satisfying different aspirations and needs.
Open Access
Heritage and culture in the evolution of the night time city - the case of Lisbon
(AESOP, 2016) Moreira, Maria da Graça
Urban planning is elaborated considering mainly the daily activities of the city or at least those who work 24 hours. The leisure night activities , who can be in some cities an important economic and touristic factor, are in general forgot. May be because there dynamic is very fast in comparison with traditional planning time. Local or regional culture determines the way of appropriation of the urban space by a specific population and presents great variations mainly in the nightly use of public space. Industrial heritage has been, in the last decades, an important element of expansion of the nightly leisure activities by the rehabilitation and / or re-use of the buildings. This research studies the evolution of the centrality, considering the culture and the built heritage of the city as a function of a set of activities that happen during a period that elapses after dinner time. When it is studied the night time period, must considered that it varies along the year for a given place, at medium latitudes. Therefore in this work it is defined as the analyzed period, the one that is bounded by diner time and the first ours of the following day. The evolution of the use of night time, in different activities, depends on the availability of energy so that these activities may work, namely the technologic evolution related to lighting, as well as the one related to comfort, available in closed spaces but nowadays, as well, in open spaces.
Open Access
Urban space, public realm and rural heritage: a case in the metropolitan area of Lisbon - Vila Franca de Xira
(AESOP, 2016) Moreira, Maria da Graça; Crespo, José Luís
Urban space is the stage of several cultural expressions, permanent or periodic that set practices with most urban or most rural character, according to the dimension of the agglomeration and to the strength that those traditions have as a mark of a certain way of living. Rural society organizes, traditionally, its festivities with expressions of dexterity similar to the daily activities, with the objective of valorising its members. Some of these activities are presented in the urban centres that polarize them and that, despite being presently completely urbanised, maintain with its rural surroundings strong cultural ties, as part of its population has its roots in the near rural areas, as it is quite frequent in the process of urban development in the last decades. The researched activities can be considered as Cultural Heritage, as: “every property that, being a witness with value of civilization or of culture, that carry relevant cultural interest, must be object of a special protection e appreciation” and all the “intangible goods that constitute structuring parts of the Portuguese identity and of its collective memory”. The intangible cultural heritage of rural areas tends to disappear when the territory is urbanized and lifestyles changed, reducing the daily activities that justified them.