2016 - 4th WPSC "Global crisis, planning & challenges to spatial justice in the North and in the South", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Јuly 3-8th

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Open Access
Proceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the south
(AESOP, 2016) Randolph, Rainer
We are publishing here the extended abstracts presented at the IV WPSC. Those which were discussed in the Track Sessions, as well as a considerable number of contributions in Plenary and Special Sessions and Roundtables. Farnak Miraftab´s Opening Keynote “Insurgency, planning and the prospect of a humane urbanism” was published (in portuguese) in ANPUR´s journal Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais (Brazilian Journal of Urban and Regional Studies), v.18, n. 3 (2016), p. 363-377 (http://rbeur.anpur.org.br/rbeur/article/view/5499). It is our conviction that these texts reflect an important panorama of ideas, thoughts, experiences and practices of the nearly 600 researchers, scientists, students and practioneers who attended the congress in Rio de Janeiro with the aim to have an unique opportunity to discuss the matter of planning with colleagues from all over the world. As it puts our colleague Carlos Balsas in the conclusions he wrote about his experiences by participating the discussions at the congress: “Attention was directed at the need to look forward to more planning not less, more planning research not less, and more educational opportunities to strengthen urban and regional planning. … Alternative paradigms based on the radical deconstruction of prevailing knowledge sets and philosophies by some of those living in southern and northern hemispheres are making positive strides and can be confidently further developed”
Open Access
Challenges to spatial justice: How to achieve planning targets while respecting constitutional rights; the new Viennese law on planning
(AESOP, 2016) Hiltgartner, Karin
The capital of Austria, Vienna, is a growing city in the heart of Europe. By 2014 about 1,8 million people had their permanent place of residence in the city, by 2029 the 2 million limit will be exceeded.1 With a distribution of 35% building land, 45% green area, 14% traffic areas and 5% water, Vienna meets the demands of many and has again ranked first in the Mercer international quality of living survey, covering 230 cities worldwide.2 Vienna’s administration now has to ensure, that the city maintains this high standard of living, providing not only for good infrastructure, but also maintaining Vienna as a socially just city. One of the aspects that need to be considered in this task is the issue of land classified as building land, but not being used as such. In effect, about 25% of Austria’s designated construction land has no building or structure on it, but is neither offered for sale.3 Especially for Vienna with its vast recreational areas it is of utmost importance that estates suitable for construction and thus qualified by spatial plans as building land are in fact used for building houses and not left vacant, to provide its population with sufficient housing and protect green zones from being build up. To meet this target of reducing Vienna’s surplus of vacant building land, the city’s government enacted new provisions4 providing for the possibility of zoning building land for a limited time only to put pressure on land owners to make use of their estates’ status and actually develop their plots.
Open Access
Reclaiming the authority to plan: How the legacy of structural adjustment has affected recentralization in Bolivia
(AESOP, 2016) Hoey, Lesli
Thirty years after structural adjustment policies decentralized developing country governments, signs are emerging of a slow return to centralized state authority. Nearly 140 countries and over 40 international institutions agreed through the Paris Declaration and Accra Agenda for Action to “align” and “harmonize” aid efforts in support of country-led and country-owned development. Today, many Latin American governments are beginning to implement policy, bureaucratic, institutional and civil society strategies to “reclaim the role of protagonist that [they] lost as a result of decentralization” (Dickovick and Eaton 2013, 1454). What is not apparent in these agreements and emerging trends is exactly how, and how well, national governments can implement actions after reclaiming the authority to plan. After Bolivia became one of the showpieces for structural adjustment and neoliberal reforms, by the late 1990s the size and power of the central government had shrunk considerably, local governments were taking more control of local decisions, and NGOs had rushed in to fill many social service gaps. When Evo Morales was elected President of Bolivia in 2006, he set out to take back his authority to govern numerous sectors. I consider the extent to which the Morales administration was able to achieve one its most ambitious attempts to re-establish state-led, equity-oriented development – the Zero Malnutrition (ZM) Program. The ZM program grew out of a frustration with what had become a fragmented, NGO-led health care system that had stalled efforts to reduce malnutrition.
Open Access
Legal challenges for integrated spatial and energy planning - A study in the european urban context
(AESOP, 2016) Madner, Verena; Prochazka, Katharina
order to achieve ambitious goals in climate change policy and resource conservation, cities are facing the challenge to develop innovative instruments and strategies in a variety of policy fields in a multi-level context. Although the European Union does not have legislative competences in spatial planning, urban planning in Europe is being influenced substantially by the EU’s energy and climate targets and by EU-funding instruments and legislation: The “European Smart City Agenda”, the EU climate change policy goals as well as a number of Directives – i.a. the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU), Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU), Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EU) all work as powerful drivers. The European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities recommends to develop zero-energy new buildings and districts and to find retrofit solutions in order to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. The EU’s secondary law sets minimum standards for the energy efficiency of buildings and requires a certain use of renewable energies (see in particular the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU) or the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU)). A number of European cities are using planning and building legislation as a means to achieve energy policy goals and to establish sustainable city structures.
Open Access
More quality with less regulation? Finnish model of detailed planning and the growing demands of procedural efficiency
(AESOP, 2016) Mattila, Hanna; Staffans, Aija
In Finland, as in many other countries, planning system is increasingly facing demands for greater procedural efficiency. Pro-market organizations and building industry have been lobbying in particular for lighter, smoother and quicker planning procedures at the level of detailed planning. Finnish Land-use and Building Act (132/1999) does not set strict requirements for the form and contents of detailed plans, but especially in the biggest cities detailed plans often pre-determine even the architectural detailing of the built environment. The representatives of Finnish building industry have argued that detailed regulations lead to solutions that are too costly, and therefore also non-implementable (Hurmeranta, 2013). The representatives of public planning offices, however, argue that detailedness of detailed plans is the ultimate guarantee of the quality of the built environment. From this perspective, the demands for lighter planning processes can be of course charged with representing neo-liberalist pursue to turn urban space into marketable object, when the ‘quality of environment’ comes to be reduced to the commercial appeal of the environment (cf. Sager, 2013). In this case, cultural and architectonic values may come to be crowded out from the realm of ‘environmental quality’. Yet, architects who are responsible for the building design do not always share this concern, but they often argue, by contrast, that detailedness of regulation impedes creativity, innovativeness and the emergence of novel cultural values in building design (Staffans & al., 2015; Ilonen, 2015; Krokfors, forthcoming 2016).
Open Access
From the idea to the practice: evaluation of thirty years of land value capture planning tools implementation in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
(AESOP, 2016) Nobre, Eduardo A. C.
Urban infrastructure has always represented a great cost to the municipal governments. One of the results of infrastructure implementation is the valuation of real estate adjacent to it, valuation that is generally captured by owners and entrepreneurs by raising rents or sales value of these properties. Since the late 19th century, many cities around the world have implemented land value capture tools as a way to recover government costs, allowing the continuity of infrastructure expansion. In Brazil, the idea of implementing these instruments dates back from the 1970s with the discussions of creating an urban development fund. The City of São Paulo has been one of the pioneers in some of these planning tools implementation since the 1980s. However, currently there is a critique on the use of such tools, especially regarding to the application of the funds, considering the context of an extremely uneven society such as the Brazilian. The aim of this work is to evaluate the experience of São Paulo in the implementation of these instruments, trying to understand how the allocation of the raised funds contributed to decrease or increase this unevenness through investments in infrastructure and services with higher social returns, considering mainly the lower income strata.
Open Access
Mainstreaming sustainability into urban governance and planning in the global south: driving factors and challenges for Indonesian cities
(AESOP, 2016) Okitasari, Mahesti
Efforts to advance urban sustainability in the developing countries are now at the acceleration stage as cities struggle to cope with and to benefit from urbanisation. Despite that cities have been central in planning literature and in the discussion on the mainstreaming of sustainability to on-the-ground measures, exploration of the urban sustainability concept within the context of developing world is still falling behind. There is an increasing gap between approaches addressing systematic implementation, structured based on the global North and planning realities in the South. It also remains unclear how local governments in the developing countries with their specific planning context and limitation can best integrate the triple bottom line of sustainability in a just and effective approach into development plans and policies. Against this background, this paper focused on key areas for fostering sustainable development principles into local development planning by assessing urban green economy initiatives in Indonesian cities. It discussed the current state of local governance and reflected in the gap existed in planning practices vis-à-vis the idealised concept of the sustainable city within the Indonesian context. This research examined key characteristics (knowledge sharing, collaborative efforts and political support) of the local planning process, the institutional setup and national-provincial-local planning mandates to determine how they influence the local policies and promote the principles of sustainable development.
Open Access
Performing participation? The Norwegian planning & building act and its understanding of citizen participation
(AESOP, 2016) Ringholm, Toril; Nyseth, Torill; Hanssen, Gro Sandkjær
Since 1985, the Norwegian Planning and Building Act has encouraged and required citizen participation at an early stage of the planning process. The argument lies in the advantage of opinions and concerns being identified as early as possible, avoiding the process coming to a standstill because vital points of view were presented too late in the process. Over the years, a neo-liberal planning practice has emerged, particularly in zoning planning, allowing private business actors into the early phases of the process – earlier than used to be the case. This does not mean that the ambitions with regard to the inclusion of citizens have been reduced. Rather the opposite. In the new P&B Act, from 2008 participation is emphasized even further, and now with a particular focus on including social groups that needs special attention. At the same time, the new P &B. Act also strengthened its focus on efficiency, and thereby institutionalize the the tension between democracy and efficiency (Holsen, 2000). Studies of planning practices in Norwegian municipalities find all forms of negotiations, mediation activities and consultations in planning processes. However, the most common practice is the minimum requirements in the law, which is announcing start-up of the planning process, and public hearing of the planning proposal. The studies also demonstrate that the attention is often directed towards other public agencies and businesses, and less towards citizen participation. Municipal planners find it difficult to involve citizens, due to lack of time, resources and awareness.
Open Access
Derivation of planning culture, from norms to implementation: embedded real planning practices one city two cases
(AESOP, 2016) Sanli, Tugce; Townshend, Tim
This paper recognises the need to study planning cultures away from appropriated Western approaches, since the emergence of distinct practices are visible even under the common impacts of globalisation. The paper reflects the fact that planning culture is a dynamic process subject to various changes (social, political, economic and technological) and effective on both planners and those institutional responses to them (Sanyal, 2005) these in turn are also accumulative and continuously build on the previous practices. Therefore, this study argues it is not the culture per se but the complex, dynamic and accumulative condition of the practices that are appropriated and become tradition form the planning culture. Urban development which evolves through relentless investment in the built environment, especially for developing countries like Turkey, is usually recognised as the main pillar of success of local and national governments; therefore, it usually has a central position in local and national agendas. However, the consistent reshaping of the urban built environment also reformulates the planning culture via practices including the operation of urban power; the actors involved and their roles that consequently generate a further impact on the socio-spatial dimension of urban space. Therefore, practice and the reality of planning, which often disappoints (Hiller, 2002), including the roles and behaviours of various actors, planning features (including norms of representation and policies), planning structures (including customs and tactical actions), decision making processes (before, during and after periods),
Open Access
Scarce agricultural land: the failure of Australian planning law and practice
(AESOP, 2016) Sheehan, John
The sprawl and almost uncontrolled growth of Australian cities such as Sydney has starkly confronted spatial planning with the unresolved interplay of competing public and private urbanisation actors with the compelling need to accommodate an increasingly scarce (and valuable) complex of competing agricultural property rights. The growing evident inability of spatial planning to understand the peri-urban interface and the complex situations at this interface requires a deeper grasp of the interaction between property rights and the capacities of spatial planning, than hitherto gained. Agricultural property rights also comprise an untidy and complex mixture of natural resources encompassing surface and subsurface mineral deposits, aquifers, ambient and impounded surface waters, intensive agribusinesses, rangelands and horticultural activities, amongst others. This paper proposes that a finer grain approach at the intersection of spatial planning, law, and property rights is now urgently needed, if scarce and conflicted agricultural property rights in the peri-urban milieu can be successfully mediated in the face of almost irresistible urbanisation demands.
Open Access
The last 30 years of the planning institution in Turkey in the projection of global economic policies
(AESOP, 2016) Sonmez, Ozdemir
There has been a constant pursuit on the part of the planning institution as well as of the central administration, as a result of the political and economic changes that have occurred in the world and in Turkey since the 1980’s. The spatial projections created by the changes experienced in the planning institution during the course of this pursuit continues by leaving its profound marks in some regions. Considering the policies pursued by developed capitalist countries for the last 35 years, it is seen that at the foundation lies the efforts of capitalism to overcome its own blockages and to maintain its existence. The fact that the Keynesian style of capital accumulation based on “the redistribution of wealth and the stimulation of demand” that had been implemented in the wake of the First World War came to a deadlock within roughly half a century; and the oil crisis of the 1970’s has led capitalist countries led by the U.S.A. and Great Britain to pursue different strategies based on the monetarist outlook. The monetarist outlook which argues supply-side policies, and stresses the need for reduction of the state’s intervention on economy and of state spending lays the foundation of the new approach. Thus a series of new entities have begun to form in political and social life, as in the matter of production and organization.
Open Access
Social housing in urban rehabilitation projects in São Paulo, Brazil: a comparative study of the Nova Luz Project and the “Casa Paulista” public-private partnership
(AESOP, 2016) Sotto, Debora
In cities all over the world, it is well known that the rehabilitation of degraded urban areas can – and often does - trigger the displacement of socially vulnerable groups from the area under intervention, either actively, through forced evictions that follow both public and private works, either passively, as a consequence of the rise in property prices due to the implementation of the urban renewal process. Gentrification, or the replacement of the poorer original residents by wealthier social groups, is often perceived by the real estate market, and most of the times also by the city’s Administration, as an index of the urban rehabilitation’s "success”. Nevertheless, as SMITH (1996) points out, “gentrification, displacement and segregation point toward a significantly restructured urban geography”. Gentrification aggravates spatial segregation and social inequalities in the city as a whole, putting economic interests above social and environmental demands. Therefore, gentrification represents a violation of the “right to the city”, here understood as a third generation collective human right, dedicated to render cities environmentally balanced, economically prosperous and socially inclusive for all its residents and users. As a concept originally developed by LEFEBVRE (1967), the right to the city is, as HARVEY (2012: 253) points out, a collective right to “reinvent the city” that “depends upon the exercise of a collective power over the processes of urbanization”.
Open Access
Virtues and ills of private funding urban development: impasses in the actually existing joint urban operations
(AESOP, 2016) Villas Boas Vannuchi, Luanda
The purpose of this paper is to discuss and critically approach a planning instrument that has become increasingly popular among Brazilian city governments since the Cities Charter (Estatuto da Cidade) was approved in 2001, the Joint Urban Operation. An Urban Operation, as any public-private partnership, is a legal framework that allows the participation of private actors in the funding – and in the share of benefits – in actions of public interest. The specifics of urban operations are that they concern urban transformations in a pre-defined territory, delimited by a perimeter, and that they are funded through the selling of financial titles called CEPAC. Issued by the city and tradable as means of payment in exchange of building rights, each CEPAC is equivalent to an amount of square meters for use in additional construction area above the normal local parameters, and at the same time is a financial title whose value can increase or decrease according to the market. Urban Operations figure among those planning instruments conceived to allow the public power to capture part of the land plus-value in areas under valuation, that otherwise would be pocketed by land owners and developers alone. They have been inspired and compared in the literature to the French ZAC – Zone d’Amangement Concerté, as well as to similar Colombian experiences. Urban Operations create “strategic exceptions” to zoning law in the perimeter in which they are planned, easing limitations so that developers can build above the normal parameters for the city by acquiring CEPACs. The city monetizes the sold building rights, and by doing so, collects funds that must be reinvested in urban transformations in the same area.
Open Access
The thinking of practice course of urban and rural planning major under the context of China - Combining the in-class lecture with practical contact
(AESOP, 2016) Yang, Fan
This paper introduces the Course Setting of Planning Administration and Regulation Practice of urban-rural planning major in Tongji University. The main question we wanted to know through this course is what we can learn from the public administration system to improve the spatial related skills cultivate in undergraduate education, because, in generally understanding, the spatial related design in planning has little relation with interests regulation. This paper is focus on the effects of the administration system by analyzing the course arrangement. Actually, the teaching organization mode got unexpected harvest, brought a great deal of enlighten, combining lecture in classroom with practical contact in administrative department, because this practice course was organized in the form of lecture plus investigation. One hand, the practice lecture was instructed by the public servants working in the Bureau of Shanghai1 Planning Administration, simultaneously finished the in-class lecture section. The other hand, the practical contact was finished by introducing students to survey and investigate in planning departments of the planning bureau. Furthermore, each team of students finished their internship reports based on the practical material and highlight theme.
Open Access
Analyzing Incremental Changes in Local Planning Institutions: Investigating transformation process after city-county consolidation in Tainan, Taiwan
(AESOP, 2016) Yang, Yi-Chen; Huang, Wei-Ju
For two decades, some planning scholars have tried to apply the concept of institutionalism in the studies of planning theory, but most of them mainly focus on how institutional innovation occur in a particular place, or how planning systems vary in different places (for example Pasty Healey, Bishwapriya Sanyal, and so on). Recently, Andre Sorensen proposes a historical institutional (HI) research agenda in planning theory. He argues that applying the HI approach to study the development of planning institutions in a particular place or to compare planning systems in different places can strengthen their theoretical framing and provide meaningful connections between physical and social phenomena. However, applicability of the approach and its contributions in planning studies remains further exploration. In light of this, this study aims to explore the potential of the HI approach in planning research via investigating the transformation process of planning institutions in Tainan City, Taiwan after a city-county consolidation. Historical institutionalist provides a systematical way to analyze what contribute to the institutional change or path dependence after critical junctures. Historical institutionalism is best known for the concept of ‘path dependence’ and ‘critical junctures’. According to Sorensen (2015, p. 21), ’[t]he core idea of path dependence is that, once established, some institutions tend to become increasingly difficult to change over time, and so small choices early on can have significant long-term impacts.’
Open Access
Bridging sustainability and liveability notions through building codes and regulations: an examination of streetscapes shaped by urban renewal, housing and infrastructure policies in Peru
(AESOP, 2016) Pineda-Zumaran, Jessica
The discussion about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the recently approved United Nations global development agenda post-2015, generated an intense debate on the urban SDG (or Goal 11) during the preliminary rounds. Unexpectedly, this debate convened the academic and the policy circles alike, somehow revealing certain alignment in the concerns of both arenas. Although some interpret this alignment as a step forward in closing the pervasive gap between academic research and (global/national/local) urban policy-making, it is apparent that the fulfilment of the main aim of Goal 11’s: “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” would entail some conceptual and operational trade-offs that need to be addressed during the implementation stage. It can be argued that these trade-offs revolve around the synergies and contradictions of two notions: sustainability and liveability. Defined as the “sustainability vs. liveability” debate by the literature, scalar, temporal, disciplinary and measurement issues have been pointed out as main features to consider when operationalising these notions through policy and planning frameworks. To an extent, the contradictory nature of these issues has not been fully addressed, as revealed by the approaches currently dominating some policy and planning frameworks. In fact, it can be observed that many cities that nowadays are deemed as successful and with high quality of life have shifted their policy and planning agendas from sustainability to liveability approaches in the last decade (e.g. Vancouver, Toronto, Seattle, etc.).
Open Access
Mapping access to water resources in Brazil and Nigeria: local dynamics and structures of power
(AESOP, 2016) Acey, Charisma; de Oliveira, Alberto; Santos Ramos, Alexandre José
Efforts to sustain the livelihoods of households living in poverty in rural and urban areas have gained popularity in recent decades, from integrated approaches to resource management to devolving control over resources to local actors and supporting the asset strategies of households. However, some approaches to managing water resources, such as IWRM and WDM, have met resistance due to their prioritization of water efficiency over justice (Syme and Nancarrow 2006). Moreover, studies have found that the various projects and reforms are often plagued by elite capture, corruption, mismanagement on one hand (Dasgupta and Beard 2007), unclear or impossible objectives (Biswas 2004), and the rational actions of actors fighting inevitable losses arising from the new winners and losers that emerge from institutional change (Knight 1992). In seeking to explain the factors shaping access to natural resources, scholars have argued for a better understanding of dynamic processes of social relations and the variations in local structures that shape those relations (Ribot and Peluso 2003, Boone 2013). This paper seeks to explore this question with respect to water resources. What structures and relationships regulate access to water among households living in poverty? What conflicts arise from competing claims on water resources?
Open Access
Territory, engineering and nature: explorations from Maricá, Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
(AESOP, 2016) Augusto Moreira do Amaral, Felipe; Carvalho de Araujo, Eloisa
In March 2006, Brazilian national government had announced the installation of a huge industrial complex based on oil and gas exploitation, guided by PETROBRAS, in the city of Itaboraí – named COMPERJ. The Pandora’s box was opened. The current work focused on these massive ongoing transformations within the eastern Baía de Guanabara region, which represents a drastic rupture with its historical, territorial and institutional precedents. The local and regional scale reveals a complex and diverse urban fabric, due to simultaneous land concentration/dissolution, urban’s fabric fragmentation and soil’s privatization. Within this erratic framework, the role played by the infrastructure into the urban planning arises pursuing new demands regarding the environmental, spatial, and institutional dimensions. Additionally, the land occupation pattern has also been investigated into the current research. In fact, the physical-territorial fragilities have signaled the deep need of a dialogue between urbanism and environmental engineering. A bachelor thesis and a scientific research1 have conducted an exploration that, as an outcome, has promoted new discussion and debate moments where strong apprehensions have emerged within Maricá’s foggy scenario. For instance, the huge demographic growth on a ten year time lapse2, land speculation, non-infrastructured spaces3, informal settlements and gated communities, low sanitation levels, transportation based essentially on cars etc.
Open Access
Towards critical studies of climate adaptation planning: uncovering the equity impacts of urban land use planning
(AESOP, 2016) Anguelovski, Isabelle; Shi, Linda; Chu, Eric; Gallagher, Daniel; Goh, Kian; Lamb, Zachary; Reeve, Kara; Teicher, Hannah
Municipal jurisdiction over land use planning and development is an opportunity for implementing climate adaptation actions at the local level. Cities in the global North and South deploy diverse strategies to integrate climate considerations into land use plans, sectoral infrastructure and water strategies with clear land use implications, and different land development and management tools. To boost political salience and feasibility, these efforts often emphasize co-benefits with other developmental objectives. However, the emphasis on “win-win” adaptation solutions may obscure the uneven costs and benefits borne by different groups, provoking the question of: adaptation for whom, by whom, and how? While momentum and funding grows for cities to adapt, researchers need to investigate whether some adaptation efforts are effectively prioritizing the needs of marginalized and vulnerable populations or whether they merely re-package business-as-usual land use planning approaches that have so often left such groups behind. Efforts to reduce climate vulnerability through land use planning tools are indeed embedded in the very institutions and development processes that are currently reproducing uneven risk exposure and socio-economic vulnerability.
Open Access
Growth, permanence and possibilities: analysing cities in Amazon region
(AESOP, 2016) Barros Bibas, Luna; Souto Cândido, Lucas; Barbalho Pontes, Louise
Think about urban planning in the periphery (from the periphery) of the capital, it is no simple task. In addition to the high informality rates, the low priority given to the urban design by the plans and the appropriation of urbanization models created to other contexts, the periphery seems doomed to repeat the mistakes of the big urban centers, with no room for innovation or to map a different trajectory. Turns out, this turn of the century, we live in a unique time in the history of cities, there was never so much accumulated knowledge about cities and its access was never so easy. From North to South of the planet is possible to share experiences and clearly realize that there is not just one way to "progress". This article focuses on cities in the Amazon region - the last part of Brazil encompassed by the urban-industrial rationality shaped by northern countries - and where many cities are still in the process of restructuring and consolidation, and may create another history than a preset future of social and environmental degradation. The Amazon region occupies a large part of Brazil, but there are few studies focusing on its urbanization process and its peculiarities. Despite the driving force that urban centers could have on environmental preservation, cities and their inhabitants are not part of the claims and environmental debates centered in the biome and its role in other regions.