2015 Definite Space – Fuzzy Responsibility, Prague, 13-16th July

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Open Access
25 years after transformation: changes in spatial distribution of production activities in the case study of Wroclaw, Poland
(AESOP, 2015) Barski, Jan; Barski, Jacek
In the post-industrial, free-market economy, the ability of spatial planning to truly influence the location choices of business owners is limited, while the vast majority of means of production are in non-public hands. On top of that, coordinating spatial policies and decisions between administrative entities is a major challenge in numerous places in Europe. This paper offers a convenient case study of a medium-sized European city (Wroclaw, Poland) and an analysis of the spatial management complication which has observable consequences for the spatial structure and economic functioning of the city. The paper examines the situation through the lens of production and manufacturing activities (with a cautious approach to the term industry). The case is analysed in two inseparable ways: spatial and economic; parallel to that, the discussion is developed on the issue of the interconnection of policymaking in the metropolitan area (the city vs its surrounding rural communes). the changes in employment in subsequent sectors of the metropolitan area in the 25 years since the political transformation of Poland while keeping an eye on the physical, spatial changes of the aforementioned metropolitan area. The secondary output of the paper is outlining the suburbanisation processes of large Polish cities, however as seen not from the most frequently presented perspectives (such as housing or transportation), but from a more economy- and spatial responsibility-focused one.
Open Access
A case for reconsidering the inclusive urban design debate
(AESOP, 2015) Ilie, Elisabeta G.
Mainstream theory and practice of inclusive urban design focus predominantly on the free access and use of the built environment. This becomes problematic when set against the homonymous theory which argues for places for all, under what appears to be a holistic, yet vague definition of ‘inclusivity’. Moreover, a design focus on physical accessibility leaves unaddressed questions on users who are to benefit from inclusive design practices, to what extent and how that is to be achieved. The present paper argues that in order to legitimately discuss issues of inclusivity in an urban design context, the discipline needs to consider not only urban design process and outcome, but also mechanisms behind exclusion/ inclusion processes and how these are embedded in everyday urban practices, artefacts and spaces. This can only be attained by re-considering and re-phrasing the very concept of inclusive urban design. Building on a critique of the purpose and the function of the discipline, the paper challenges in-place notions of inclusive urban design and explores its limitations against taken-for-granted notions of everyday urban reality. This is done by drawing on sociological theories of socio-cultural production of space/place and of the body in space, with the aim to outline a more comprehensive and, potentially, more effective understanding of inclusive urban design.
Open Access
A comparative study of the European and Japanese definitions of shrinking cities as applied to Japan
(AESOP, 2015) Uemura, Tetsuji
Population decline and industrial decline are obvious phenomena not only in Europe but also in Japan. Issues related to population and industrial decline have been actively discussed, and academic knowledge and analysis based on international comparative studies are expected to develop countermeasures to the most critical situations. The definition of shrinking city that is applied, however, is not necessarily the same, and such a fundamental element of the discussion has not been fully examined so far. This study, therefore, aims at comparing the different definitions of “shrinking cities” used in Japan and Europe and developing the best way to provide a reliable basis for future discussion on shrinking cities’ topics. The results of this comparative study suggest that COST Action’s definition allows an analysis of Japanese cities to include the so-called “depopulated area issue” because the Japanese population in municipalities is rather bigger than the population in European municipalities, and Japanese cities may have lower figures for population density distribution and artificial land use within their territory. In conclusion, Japanese sampled cities based on the Japanese definition are not necessarily suitable for the basis of a comparison study. This is because some Japanese “cities” do not satisfy objective criteria such as population size because the “city” has never been downgraded having once been upgraded to “city”. Rather, the European definition of “city” better reflects the elements of the city, so that Japan should also follow the European definition of “city” for future discussions on shrinking cities.
Open Access
A mixed methods approach to measuring neighbourhood social capital: a case study in south east Queensland, Australia
(AESOP, 2015) Osborne, Caroline; Baldwin, Claudia; Thomsen, Dana
This paper investigates how a mixed-methods approach to measuring social capital urban planning contexts to enhance best practice outcomes. Literature in the d capital, health, participation, resilience and sustainable development suggest capital at the neighbourhood scale can increase community cohesion, trust, recip capacity, civic participation and resilience. Exploring how bonding, bridging capital is expressed in a middle class coastal community on the Sunshine Coa Queensland, Australia, a mixed methods approach to measuring social capital benefits of qualitative methods in particular provided an in-depth and understanding of social capital at the neighbourhood unit of analysis. Further fluid construct, where growth in one dimension of social capital, such as bon contribute to growth in bridging social capital, and vice versa. The authors social capital is often invoked in an urban planning context to identify sociothe social capital construct and its comprehensive measurement holds far greater planners and developers when applied to urban planning best practice in neighbourhood.
Open Access
A Preliminary Study on Re-examining Housing Demand from a Homeownership Perspective in Taiwan
(AESOP, 2015) Huang, Ping-Geng; Chao, Tzu-Yuan
Since the last decade, the peculiar phenomenon of .high housing price, high vacan homeownership rate. has occurred due to the changes of housing market and socio-economic conditions in Taiwan. On one hand, the housing supply keep increasing while on the other hand, the housing demand from middle-income families remain unsatisfied due to the ever-increasing housing price. The unbalance between supply and demand in housing markets result in the queries about how homeownership affects the housing market and how we could adjust housing policies. This study re-examined the correlation between housing demand and homeownership, and analyzed its influence on housing market from institutional and economic aspect. Findings show that housing policies in Taiwan have a fundamental stand for advocating homeownership during every developing period, causing the unbalance of housing tenure of choice. From economic perspective, it is concluded that high homeownership rate in Taiwan is affected by anticipation of high house price increment as well as the low taxation of owner-occupied housing, and form a self-reinforcing cycle along with housing price and vacancy. It is expected that further study would use a tenure choice model to estimate the change of the factors to housing demand so as to provide evidence for the theoretical argument.
Open Access
A Spatial Study on Creative Community around Tongji University in Shanghai Based on the Data Analysis of Professional Social Network
(AESOP, 2015) Wang, Sicheng; Le, Keke; Lin, Jiaying
Creative city is the current hotspot in urban planning against the background of urbanization and economic transition in China The urban zone around Tongji University in Shanghai is a typical creative community, which has undergone more than 20 years of development, from the spontaneous clustering of creative industries to organized planning and managing led by local authorities This study focuses on the history and future trend of this community People element of a creative city for that University and Company would function University is the institution for educating people, while Company provide for the working of People. Consequently, the links among People, University Company reflect the creativity performance of a community This study visualizes this relevance with methods of data analysis The famous international professional social network LinkedIn is taken as the information of personal identity, education and employment of individuals in creative industries within Tongji Rim are collected from users homepages Through analysis of the intrinsic link between the research objects by data quantification and statistical distribution observation, characteristics and internal factors of development of a university-oriented creative industries area has been observed.
Open Access
A study on the action mechanism of conservation laws and policies for historic towns and villages in China
(AESOP, 2015) Ge, Tianyang; Hou, Wenjun
In the past 30 years, the conservation of historical and cultural towns and villages in China has greatly developed. On the one hand, this paper reviewed the development, laws and policies system, and action mechanism of the conservation of historical and cultural towns and villages. First, the development of the conservation can be divided into three stages: the beginning stage, the national level conservation stage, and the legal system construction stage. Second, in policy respect, a policy system basing on two laws one ordinance was introduced, including 2 national laws, one national ordinance, several ministerial rules and regulations and over 100 local policies. Third, in conservation mechanism respect, a system of policies was introduced, including historical and cultural towns and vi application and approving, conservation planning, administration and financial support. On the other hand, shortages in the conservation were indicated. First, there is lack of ministerial and local policies focus on towns and villages. Second, there are too many administrative government departments and the conservation efficiency is low. Third, there is lack of sustainable development guidance, such as economy, society, population and culture. And these are the fields to be improved.
Open Access
A Study on the Optimized Evaluation Criteria for a Disaster-Prevention Urban Area in Yongkang District, Tainan City
(AESOP, 2015) Yu, Yunchi; Chao, Tzuyuan
Since the 921 earthquake struck Taiwan in 1999, Disaster-Prevention Urban (DPUR) become one of the major considerations in disaster-prevention policy. T DPUR projects by the Ministry of the Interior in 2013 aims to introduce an integ for urban areas with higher disaster risks. However, the need for clear and ite criteria for DPUR area selection is crucial. Controversial debates regardi designating the renewal area might result in high-risk area being undervalued low-risk area could be overvalued and stigmatized. Therefore, this research is proper evaluation criteria for DPUR areas in order to balance the possible negat on the renewal area. This research will be based on the second phase of the DPUR Research Project District, Tainan City, which was brought up by the Ministry of the Interior. buildings risk map, blocks with higher ratio of high-risk buildings per block w the potential DPUR areas. Secondly, cost-benefit analysis will be contacted for different ratio of the high-risk buildings. If benefit exceeds cost then it mak further invest in reducing the risk of disasters. Renewal cost will consider buildings, construction cost and land expropriation cost, etc. Renewal benefit potential disaster loss. This research is expecting to establish a better eva facilitate the designation of DPUR area that could consider both the moral conce feasibility.
Open Access
A tale of two cities: comparative studies of urban-rural cohesion development policies between chengdu and Chongqing in China
(AESOP, 2015) Gan, Xinyue; Chen, Jianbin
Separate developments of Chinese urban and rural areas were caused by urban-rural dualistic system, which seriously impeded urbanization process in China. Chengdu and Chongqing were two pioneer cities of promoting urban-rural cohesion. They have adjacent location and similar background, while their policies were not exactly the same. This article had a review of the urban-rural cohesion policies and their consequences in this two cities and pointed out the main features of them. Comparative analysis of the reasons for the different polices in Chengdu and Chongqing is presented in the end. According to the analysis, Chengdu adopted integrated management which put rural elements like the land, capital and the labor force into market to promote urban-rural cohesion. Market played a more significant role than the government in Chengdu case. However there was an opposite situation in Chongqing where the government relied on the power to dragged rural elements into market circulation. Government dominated the whole process in Chongqing case. The urbanization rate change indicated that polices in Chengdu which rested on market are more efficient and more sustainable than those in Chongqing. The conclusion is that although it will take a longtime to establish the order of the market, it will have a steadier, more reasonable, efficient and sustainable processes and results than a strong governmentled transformation which can get instant results. If there is no orderly market, once the pressure of government has been taken away, the transformation will cease. Therefor market should lead the urbanrural cohesion with the support of government’s authority. Both of them are indispensable.
Open Access
Accessibility to culture and heritage: designing for all
(AESOP, 2015) Deffner, Alex; Psatha, Eva; Bogiantzidis, Nicolaos; Mantas, Neoklis; Vlachaki, Elena; Ntaflouka, Polyxeni
This paper is based on the Guide that was elaborated in the context of the European INTERREG IVC programme CHARTS (Culture and Heritage Added Value to Regional Policies for Tourism Sustainability) project by the Laboratory for Tourism Planning, Research and Policy (University of Thessaly). The Guide examines the Accessibility to Heritage for all people by defining three moments: a) physical accessibility: the visitor to / receiver of a cultural good uses his/her body structure and functions in order to move inside the product in its original material manifestation or experience sensorially its tangible or intangible reproductions, b) perceptual accessibility: the moment of understanding culture/heritage and it has to do with the perceptiveness of the receiver and is closely linked to the receiver’s educational background, way of living and habitual mode of intellectual operation and finally c) appropriational accessibility: the apex of accessibility is the combination of the two previously acquired moments and it happens when the visitor/receiver may consider culture/heritage as part of himself/herself (familiarization) and use the adopted experience to intertwine his/her own story (narrational production). The Guide supports the idea of a sustainable management of culture, heritage, tourism and it is inspired by the principles of Universal Design: all people should enjoy in the same way same benefits and high quality services offered. The Guide tries to clarify the misunderstandings connected to the notion of accessibility, proposes policies for achieving accessibility to all cultural activity and gives planning principles for the strategic management of accessibility to heritage.
Open Access
Accountability and relational governance: the case of brainport Eindhoven, the Netherlands
(AESOP, 2015) Huang, Wei-Ju
It has been argued that the new form of relational governance might lead to a substantial deficit of democratic accountability, but in previous studies less attention has been paid to what accountability is and how to systematically analyse it before announcing there are accountability deficits. In order to advance the knowledge of accountability and relational governance, this paper examines the notion of accountability and adopts a conceptual framework of public accountability established by Mark Bovens to conduct a case study of Eindhoven city-regional governance. Eindhoven city-region has been recognised as a successful story of high-tech development and its success is a result of a new form of relational governance—close collaboration between different levels of government and other parties, including high-tech firms and knowledge institutes. Major focus is put on the establishment and operation of the Brainport organizations, which perfectly represents the new form of relational governance in Eindhoven city-region. By mapping its networks of accountability and assessing its accountability arrangement, this paper finds that the degree of the Brainport organizations’ accountability toward the municipal councils differs from municipality to municipality. While the councils of municipal stakeholders of Brainport Development NV may use municipal regular planning and control cycle of annual memorandum, reports, and budget to influence the content and financial frameworks of Brainport organizations’ year plan to certain degree, the councils of non-stakeholder municipalities in Eindhoven city-region can hardly ever influence the decision making of the Brainport organizations. From either the democratic or the learning perspective, the institutional arrangement of the Brainport organizations insufficiently satisfy the criteria of accountability. This indicates large space for improvement. Further, the case study results remind us that comparing to the traditional governance mode the nature of relational governance is rather dynamic. It is a learning by doing process and is constantly shaped by the alteration of national policy as well as of the changing agreements between the municipalities. Thus, it deserves continuously monitoring and investigating the change of city-regional institutional setting and its influences on the accountability arrangement of the relational governance.
Open Access
Achievements and challenges on inclusionary housing and land value captures instruments in Brazil to produce socially mixed neighbourhoods
(AESOP, 2015) Freire Santoro, Paula
Since the 1980s in Brazil there’s a recognition of irregular settlements struggle for their urban integration in a way that transformed public action on these spaces, creating a new way to intervene in order to qualify the urban settlements and environment and city and housing rights, guaranteeing settlements tenure. In this context, emerged the instrument of Special Social Housing Zones (SSHZ), designed initially focused on the recognition of the struggle of the residents of informal settlements and their integration in the city in the 1980s. In 1990s, another strategy was chosen using the same instrument over sub used of empty areas: to overcome social territorial exclusion models through urban regulation. The hypothesis was that to intervene in urban regulations can produce the opposite effect zoning historically promoted: exclusion, segregation, gentrification. This paper shows some Brazilian experiences that tried to combine SSHZ with land value capture in Master Plans to combine resources captured in Urban Operation (public + private partnership), to spent in social housing projects to promote inclusion and avoid segregation. B circle: not always the resources are enough to support the housing deficit in the area, the exclusion happens inside the urban project by defining big areas as the perimeter to receive resources, and often, we can find more public budget funding housing and transport interventions that should be the aim of land value capture. Highlights that the slum upgrading is not used on these strong market contexts, and points to the hypothesis that it can be also a part of a strategy to overlook the gentrification process that can happen, considering the characteristics of the relocation process. But yes, Brazil is using land value capture traditional instruments to be combined with slum upgrading, although, it is more often used the more expensive option: public budget to fund slum upgrading, outside the market driven context of urban operations.
Open Access
Actually, varying neoliberalism in a global zone: development phases in Sydney’s darling harbour
(AESOP, 2015) Searle, Glen
This paper traces the successive phases of the redevelopment of the Darling Harbo as a central focus of the city’s transformation into a global city since the 1980 the paper is to identify the different versions of neoliberalism employed in each the institutional and politico-economic factors that have generated varying versi in the same zone. The paper takes the premise of Peck, Theodore and Brenner (2009 neoliberalism in practice is an imperfect vehicle that has to accommodate existing institutions and political structures as a starting point. The distinctive contri demonstrate how neoliberal outcomes in a given area draw selectively on such cont consequentially to show how the place-specific practices of neoliberalism can var time as different factors are drawn on at different times according to micro-poli changing development objectives. The paper analyses four stages of redevelopment Harbour area, using primary and secondary sources, to develop its argument: the Authority scheme of the 1980s; the City West Development Corporation redevelopment area in the 1990s; the post-2000 redevelopment of remaining old port land by the Delivery Authority; and the current redevelopment of convention and entertainment private Lend Lease Corporation.
Open Access
Addressing fuzzy responsibilities with informal, flexible instruments: landscape parks and regional planning (DRAFT – not to be cited)
(AESOP, 2015) Frank, Andrea I.
Green belts, smart growth or minimum residential densities have been some of the planning policies and instruments employed to reduce low-density, fragmented urbanisation that is generally deemed unsustainable. However, success of such tools in metropolitan, geopolitically fragmented areas involving many different municipalities is often hampered by a combination of lack of political will and diffuse (or fuzzy ) responsibilities in multi-actor settings. Indeed many traditional planning instruments are inadequate at regional scales. This paper reviews the emerging concept of regional landscape parks in various European countries as a mostly informal instrument that nevertheless can shape settlement patterns at regional scale in multi-actor governance settings. While drawing on several examples throughout Europe the Stuttgart Region s Landscape Park is used as m study. The development of the landscape park is not a legally required activity within the planning system, yet there is evidence that the voluntary leadership of the regional planning association in developing the Regional Landscape Park complements traditional landscape management and nature preservation instruments. The policy language actively broadens the discourse around landscape conservation and urban development to supersede the traditional distinctions of urban and natural areas. This allows for the inclusion of economic, social, environmental and cultural arguments in decision making regarding landscape, land use and nature protection. The analysis suggests that by drawing flexibly on ideas and concepts from different disciplines a wide range of actors and agencies can proclaim benefit and in turn assume responsibility to help build a productive, healthy, and ecologically valuable urban regional landscape.
Open Access
Adopt a neighbourhood: when planners meet schoolchildren
(AESOP, 2015) Picone, Marco; Schilleci, Filippo; Lotta, Francesca
Throughout this paper we will present a project that revolves around the idea of the neighbourhood as an ‘identity container’ and aims at bridging the gap between traditional planning programmes and the new challenges linked both to the crisis of public spaces and to participatory planning. During the last two years, our University has been working in cooperation with the Municipality of Palermo and many primary and secondary schools of the city on a project called ‘La scuola adotta il quartiere’ (‘Schools Adopt Neighbourhoods’). Within the project, planning students from the University guided the schoolchildren (8- to 13-years old) to the discovery of their neighbourhood and its community. Planners also had a key role in helping their younger ‘colleagues’ in the proposal and development of collectively discussed renewal policies: for instance, some of them proposed an urban renewal intervention in the well-known and deprived ZEN neighbourhood, and this proposal was later approved by the Municipality. This process caused a mutual beneficial effect: on the one hand, schoolchildren became more conscious of the idea and nature of their neighbourhood and of the notion of ethical participation. On the other hand, planning students began to concretely explore the social role they are called to play in our contemporary society, and the ethical dilemmas that every participatory project involves.
Open Access
Advantages of self-organisation in urban planning – local lessons of urban development in Helsinki metropolitan region
(AESOP, 2015) Wallin, Sirkku
The objective of urban planning has been to plan and design well-functioning urban environments. However, many urban problems are complicating this task (Christaller, 1933; Bettencourt and al., 2007) and the expanding scope and scale of problems have turned the latter into ´wicked` ones. Wicked problems are intricate by nature comprising several environmental and societal issues at the same time (Skaburskis, 2008; Weber and Khademian, 2008). There has been two ways to respond to wicked problems in urban planning. The first one has focused on the substance of planning, aiming at a better physical appearance and performance of urban functions. The second one has laid emphasis on the procedure; processes, their actors and the stages of planning. Unfortunately, the analysis of the current urban development of the Helsinki Metropolitan Region reveals severe defects in the application of both approaches. I will reflect in the following on the development of a Helsinki neighbourhood called Herttoniemi. As one of the oldest suburbs of the capital city, with a central location and good accessibility, it has followed the urban transformation of the Metropolitan Region and faced the problems and promises of urbanization: shortage of housing, required urban densification, and belt-tightening of public expenses which have transformed the neighbourhood. The population has increased up to 53 000 inhabitants during the past ten years, and the change will continue (Statistical Districts, 2014; Helsinki City Plan Draft, 2015). Herttoniemi can be regarded as the mirror of urban development in the Helsinki region in which the internal and external push and pull factors take turns, enabling and constraining one another.
Open Access
Affordable or unaffordable? A Preliminary study of a reasonable social housing rental price range in Taipei City
(AESOP, 2015) Hung, Tzu-Han; Chao, Tzu-Yuan
The central government in Taiwan enacted the Housing Act in 2011, in which social housing was firstly well-defined in the housing policy history. In the Article 3, social housing built by the government or private sector with subsidies from the government that is primarily rented. Hence, each local government is required to develop the pricing model based on the housing demand. However, Taipei City for instance, the average rental price of social housing is unified by 30% off market price and apply to any income levels households. It is questionable of whether certain standard could really meet the affordability of the disadvantaged groups. The past researches were mostly concentrated on the quantity and the distribution of social housing provision. There are few studies discussing about the rent setting system, which is probing whether the pricing is actually affordable or not. Therefore, this paper intends to examine that the social housing in Taipei City was unaffordable no matter in the past or now by using rent-to-income ratio. Furthermore, this research will review the target group, rent setting and providing mechanism in different countries. Through the case studies, Taipei City can learn the practice of other countries, and improve the problem of unaffordable social housing. According to above, this paper would practice one rent setting system of the countries, which is considered by similar economic and society structure to Taipei City, as a preliminary study of reasonable social housing rental price.
Open Access
Ambiguous risks, fixed responsibilities : urban planning in Jerusalem
(AESOP, 2015) Bar, Roni
Urban resilience has been widely adopted by planning scholars and practitioners as a framework for managing complexity and contingency. However, the term is not only over-ambiguous, but is also frequently adopted a-critically into planning policies. Therefore, the paper uses the concept of risk (rather than resilience) in order to investigate the way planners, define, prioritize and respond to risks. This is explored as a normative decision (and action) with ethical implications, rather than a purely professional one. Acknowledging the need to investigate both the planning process and the physical environment, the paper focuses on the prioritization of risks, planners’ response concretization of risk perceptions in the urban environment through urban planning and design. These issues are investigated in Jerusalem’s city center, an area that has witnessed attacks and has been going through a process of densification and renewal. Findings reveal that planners assume a fixed responsibility and distinguish between two types of risk: (a) economic-demographic risks, which are seen as central, and (b) security risks, which are disregarded as irrelevant and were not considered in the plan. Despite this distinction, the analysis reveals correlations between economic and security interests, demonstrating the connection between security practices and neo-liberal urban regeneration. The last section of the paper acknowledges the importance to resist the fortification of urban spaces, yet warn that ignoring certain risks in a conflictual arena may reflect a dismissal of the conflict itself, as well as urban planning’s role in perpetuating unjust circumstances
Open Access
An initial exploration of Disneyland Shanghai from a planning perspective
(AESOP, 2015) Mao, Weifeng; Warren, Robert
After more than ten years negotiation, Disneyland ultimately decided to locate in Shanghai. This article firstly makes an introduction of the background of Disneyland in Shanghai, and analyzes the balance of its investment and return, explores cultural difference, which will help culture exchange Disney culture was brought to Asia, and local culture in Asia, especially in China, affected western culture other than Disney culture. On the other hand, it’ll help Walt Disney World and government to plan a better Disneyland. Furthermore, it explores the strengths and weaknesses of five existing Disney worlds. It analyzes the influence on economic, cultural, planning and governance/management field, and costs and benefits. From the study of Disneyland worldwide, especially Disneyland Hong Kong, according to the background of Shanghai and China, several suggestions are proposed to Disneyland Shanghai, to present an initial exploration of the range of issues that can be raised about the influence of the Disney theme park on Shanghai. Finally, this article draws a conclusion---an agenda for further research and policy analysis from a planning perspective, including their operation mode, competition with other theme parks and its survival issue, and ticket price and ticket selling system. Last but not the least, it analyzes the potential influence on the price of land and house, as well as the stock market.
Open Access
An inquiry into socio-spatial segregation: case of Syrian urban refugees in Turkish border city
(AESOP, 2015) Tuzcu, Nil
Massive influx of displaced people into urban areas reshapes cities’ economic, social, political and spatial structures. This research creates a broader understanding of the displaced person phenomenon as one of the main drivers of the urban transformation through analyzing formation of urban marginality in the case of Syrian refugees in a Turkish border city, Gaziantep. This paper uses the findings from the fieldwork that I conducted in Gaziantep including in-depth interviews with both refugee and host communities, and a series of mapping exercises showing the spatial distribution of urban refugee in the city. The urban marginalization explored in the research reveals that the city itself as a social and physical entity is as important as policy interventions in the integration process of refugees.