2019 Planning for Transition, Venice 9-13th July

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14235/1813

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Open Access
Deindustrialization and urban shrinkage. Achieving urban sustainability in former industrial cities in France: the case studies of Nantes and Saint-Ouen
(AESOP, 2019) Toura, Varvara
Population decline in former industrial cities is an undeniable fact and preparing to respond to it is a necessity. In my research urban sustainability is defined as a process to recover from social and economic recession which are usually linked to deindustrialization. The main goal is to survey how Nantes and Saint-Ouen became resilient after the period of deindustrialization and if they have the needed capacities of urban sustainability in dealing with population decline. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive method is used in order to define urban sustainability and relate it to previous studies in shrinking cities. The analytic method is used in order to identify the reasons that led to the population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development and demographic evolution. The performed analyses included a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The outcome revealed that the two cities have reached the goal of sustainable urban development as they almost doubled their population since 2000. The final conclusion is that the urban policies implemented by local authorities as long as the economic decisions taken by local enterprises can assist Nantes and Saint-Ouen inhabitants to encounter to social and economic recession resulting from deindustrialization.
Open Access
Regional strategy design – addressing transformations in multiple ways
(AESOP, 2019) Matti Wirth, Timo
Regions in the 21st century are subject to global influences which include climate change, resource scarcities, economic transitions, demographic shifts and ongoing digitalisation. If sustainability is to be achieved within this changing context, new collaborations will be required which shape these transformations more proactively. Alongside this, awareness within planning has been evolving, including the recognition that various regional design approaches can complement established planning procedures. Building on these aspects, this article investigates the option to design long-term strategies for the development of regions which are facing fundamental change. To undertake this, a process is considered which took place within a real life experimental situation over a period of four years. This process involved the testing of a new model for “regional strategy design”, which required the cooperation with stakeholders from diverse institutional backgrounds. The Rhenish Mining Area (RMA) in Germany, which is characterised by rapidly changing circumstances, served as a case study. The discussion of the results reflects on the preconditions (e.g. established regional governance), outcomes (e.g. selective interventions) and the question of transferability. It can be concluded that regional strategy design has the potential to develop further as a field of activity.
Open Access
Book of proceedings : Planning for Transition, Venice 2019
(AESOP, 2019) Fregolent, Laura; Musco, Francesco; Magni, Filippo; Lucertini, Giulia; Basso, Matteo; Maragno, Denis; Bertin, Mattia; Ostanel, Elena
Contemporary cities and territories face significant challenges – natural disasters due to climate change impacts, ecological crises, growing socio-economic unrest, global migration, political rifts including a rise of right wing factions, ambitious public works and mega-projects – all of which require new capacities in dealing with such individual and multiple groupings of such challenging and profound changes. It is a matter of fact that at international level a discourse if not a condition of transition is pervading sectors and societies. This discourse points to alternative patterns and solutions to many of the challenges faced. A quickly changing scenario requires forms of planning, both locally and globally, which bear the capacity to support and manage mutable urban and environmental conditions. In fact, although cities do incessantly change, policy-makers and institutions are never fully prepared to respond to complex and risky situations, as well as relying on planning and policy tools which are often outdated; in addition, also existing theoretical frameworks, concepts, cognitive abilities and approaches become ineffective or outmoded. Each unintended or unanticipated change comes as a break to existing social, political, and administrative routines and yet is may be anticipated that mechanisms of collective reflection and action will be generated. The congress invites scholars and practitioners to present and discuss case-studies of cities and projects that have engaged in meeting challenging situations – supporting transitions in urban contexts. Specifically, it is aimed at offering an understanding of the forms of knowledge, concepts, tools, and skills needed to plan and address transition. Furthermore, it seeks to explore whether (and how) managing such changes has brought any overall reconsideration of the city design model and towards more general institutional reconfigurations. The book collects all the papers presented at the Aesop Venice 2019 conference. It is articulated in chapters that correspond to the tracks (16) and special sessions proposed (23).
Open Access
Time Series of Urban Shrinkage Elements in Coalexhausted Cities: A Case Study of Two Typical Cities in Northeast China
(AESOP, 2019) Zhang, Jie; Zhao, Zhiqing; Li, Peilun
Based on the existing research, this paper first classifies the influencing factors of urban shrinkage into three categories: internal factors, external characteristics and potential factors, and further divides them into four categories: population structure change, economic and industrial change, spatial quality change and public facilities change. Secondly, taking Shuangyashan and Jixi city, two typical coal-based industrial cities in Heilongjiang Province of China as the research objects, from the point of view of time, using the method of big data classification and comparative analysis, the time series of key elements in each city is studied, the priority and lag relationship of elements are obtained, and the time law of mutual restriction of elements in each city is analyzed in depth, and the time series of key elements in each city is established. The time series model of the shrinkage of such coal-exhausted cities is put forward in order to put forward a common strategy to deal with the shrinkage of such cities from a time point of view.
Open Access
Fuelling energy-transition with regional design ateliers
(AESOP, 2019) Kempenaar, Annet; Pleijte, Marcel; Van Buuren, Michael
Many countries are ‘planning’ for energy-transition in the light of the challenges imposed by climate change. Energy-transition is expected to radically change the structure, the institutional design and the physical appearance of our energy system. One of the critical issues is to integrate energy-transition with other land-uses and spatial issues. In the Netherlands, regional design ateliers were organised to address these challenges. We studied eleven regional design ateliers to find out what the design ateliers contributed to dealing with energy-transition. Our analysis showed that the design ateliers played an important role in creating insights on the spatial implications of energytransition. This raised awareness amongst regional stakeholders on the impact of energy-transition, and affected their perspectives. However, our study also showed that some important (spatial) aspects, such as smart combinations with other land-uses and the transport and storage of energy, received little attention. Understanding energy-transition took up a lot of time, leaving little room for a full exploration of relationships with other land-uses, of possible solutions, and of integrated strategies. Therefore, we conclude design ateliers should also be organised in upcoming stages of ‘planning’ for energy-transition to further fuel the transition process and fully employ the benefits of regional design ateliers.
Open Access
Land take and regional planning: promoting sustainable settlement development in urban regions
(AESOP, 2019) Wahrhusen, Nina
In Germany the national goal of reducing land take is opposed to the increasing demand for new spaces for housing and commercial construction, especially in already concentrated urban regions. Many dominating regional centers are not able anymore to satisfy the settlement pressure within their own boundaries. So regional solutions are required. Regional planning is an important player concerning sustainable settlement concepts in Germany with almost fully developed tools to provide land reduced settlement structures. Within this paper success factors as well as obstacles for the realization of the vision of compact and environmentally sustainable settlement structures in urban regions are shown. On the one hand, it provides a presentation of the regional planning tools promoting this spatial vision. In the light of an implementation deficit of the regional requirements on local level caused by a lack of acceptance for compact and space-saving settlement structures, there is, on the other hand, a need for innovative approaches of informal cooperation, participation and awareness raising. For this purpose, two case examples from the German regions of Hannover and Stuttgart are presented.
Open Access
Discussion on the factors of sustainable urban growth in shrinking region: Case study of Eucalyptus Hills in the city of Sakura developed by the private developer Yamaman
(AESOP, 2019) Uemura, Tetsuji
There are many previous studies discussing the issues and solutions of shrinking cities, but only a few studies have discussed the sustainable development of shrinking cities. This study focuses on the case of the Eucalyptus Hills development by Yamaman, its private developer, known as a best practice sustainable development of new towns in the city of Sakura in the Tokyo suburb in Japan. The study reviews the recognised aspects and features of the Eucalyptus Hills development as sustainable development by Japanese researchers and aims to abstract the implications for sustainable developments in shrinking cities. As the results, three features, namely, the existence of a mono-developer (town manager), a certain size of population to support living services business and a well-balanced demographic composition, can be considered as the conditions required for sustainable development in shrinking cities. These research results may be applied for dormitory towns in the suburbs of megacities, with sufficient job opportunities for such towns.
Open Access
Program AESOP 2019 Annual Congress Planning for Transition
(AESOP, 2019)
Open Access
The Jericho Gate Project: Planning Challenges and Political Struggles around a Megaproject in the Oldest City in the World
(AESOP, 2019) Isayed, Mohammed
Starting from 1993, after decades of occupation and political conflicts, the Palestinians enjoy some form of local self-government in areas of the West Bank (areas "A"), through elected bodies like municipal councils and the National Government. Those young institutions that are in charge of urban planning, have to deal with a highly complicated set of challenges, with a very modest experience and a legacy of old and inadequate laws. In Jericho, a heritage-rich town in the Jordan Valley, the Palestinian company PADICO has recently proposed a leisureoriented, multi-billionaire, 300 HA mega-project, called Jericho Gate (JG), including tourist and entertainment facilities, villas, hotels, resorts, a sports city, amusement and water parks, malls and other facilities. JG follows a national and regional trends of privately financed new cities that is common in the region (i.e.Rawabi), that are marketed as development and job creators, and as a tool to improve the living conditions of the Palestinians who are struggling for an independent and sovereign country. In this study we will explore and analyze how that project has been received by the different actors, in particular, the local and national government and the local public opinion, how it was presented to the population through the media and how it was debated and finally approved by the official bodies. Despite its glittering architectural envelop and its promise of economic development, the JG project arises a number of questions about the capacity of the local context to benefit from it. Will the municipality, weakened under the state of occupation, be able to handle the needs of the new temporary residents, given its modest resources and capabilities? Will this upper-class oriented project increase socio-spatial fragmentation between wealthy visitors and the local population?
Open Access
Towards comprehensive and integrated land management practices in Albania : How can the new paradigmatic shift in land use planning and growth management foster a positive impact on local finances and the tax base? The case of Municipality of Tirana
(AESOP, 2019) Dhrami, Kejt; Imami, Fiona
This research draws upon the array of changes that have occurred in the spatial planning system in Albania over the last decade, and examines possible impacts at local level, namely on the financial situation of local governments. The research is conducted in two inter-relational directions: firstly, it tackles the possible impact of land use changes and tools that determine the change patterns, on taxation and local budgets; and secondly, it analyses the strategies used to address urban growth, through development indicators, principles, etc. and assesses their possible influence on the tax base. These aspects are analyzed for the municipality of Tirana, which has the highest development rate and financial growth in the country; and are anchored to the current planning document in place: the General Local Territorial Plan (GLTP) of Tirana, for the period 2016-2030. The research contributes to the overall discussion on the relevance of local planning instruments, with respect to improving the tax base, the fiscal autonomy of local governances, the provision of services, the urban growth in terms of sprawl or densification, and the prioritization of investment projects. Methodologically, the research is based both on desk review of land use planning theories; current planning legislation and documents in Albania, and local finance studies; as well as sample studies of specific spatial typologies in the city of Tirana, and their development scenarios in relation to the proposed land use changes and development indicators, in terms of tax revenues. This research, albeit not exhaustive, draws conclusions on the real potential of using land development instruments to induce growth in local financial capacities, both through property tax, and other taxes that are related to land and property.
Open Access
Application and Verification of Municipal Administrative Areas Spatial Zoning Model in New Town Location Selection
(AESOP, 2019) Zhao, Yujing; Leng, Hong; Sun, Pingjun; Yuan, Qing
As one of the three most important location-oriented policies in urban and regional development, the location selection of new towns largely determines the strategy of urban economic development and regional economic development. In the previous study, an objective model of municipal administrative areas spatial zoning model (MAA-SZ model) is constructed based on the theory of spatial equilibrium and mathematical logic deduction, which can provide guidance for the location of new towns. This paper takes a city in the south of Heilongjiang Province as an example to verify the value and superiority of the MAA spatial zoning model in the location selection of new towns. The results show that the consistency Kappa value of the model is 77.2% when the MAA-SZ model is compared with Glaeser-Gottlieb new town location selection model new towns that has been widely used, which verifies the accuracy of the model. In addition, the spatial differentiation and DEA effectiveness of the model are higher than the contrast model. The superiority of the MAASZ model over the contrast model mainly lies in two aspects. Firstly, the MAA-SZ model effectively reduce the influence of some factors that can not be assigned objectively while inheriting the economic relationship among the factors of the contrast model. The MAA-SZ model makes it easier to simulate and operate, and more practical. Secondly, it effectively reduce the contradiction between development, agriculture and ecology, which is often caused by the traditional site selection of new town basing on center-urban gravitation. The MAA-SZ model solve this problem by balancing the relationship among construction, agriculture and ecological land from the macro-perspective of the MAA. Therefore, the MAA-SZ model has the characteristics of high accuracy, high balance, high effective, high spatial differentiation, and high practicality. We believe the MAA-SZ model can also provide a reference for the development of urban system.
Open Access
The Pla de Barris: a remarkable case of placesensitive territorial policy
(AESOP, 2019) Peverini, Marco
Spatial injustices are rapidly growing and, in the wake of the so called “revenge of places that don’t matter”, there is urgent need for better territorial policies. Ranging on a wide variety of contexts, territorial policies should implement strategies that are not only place-based, but also coherent, effective and place-sensitive. Aim of the paper is to give a contribution to the debate, shedding light on one lesser-known yet remarkable case of territorial policy for social cohesion. The Pla de Barris, Plan of the districts of the Catalan Region implemented between 2004 and 2010, is here investigated. The research followed two main methodologies: on one side, quantitative sociospatial analysis; on the other side the tools of policy analysis to investigate its implementation. It shows that the measure was efficient and effective in targeting spatial injustices thanks to integrated place-sensitive implementation mechanisms. A fairly balanced combination of centralized analytical apparatus, multi-level governance and involvement of the local administrations explains its success in addressing spatial injustices. There is much to learn from this experience, since this approach can make the difference in providing a coherent framework in which to develop place-sensitive interventions in deeply variable local contexts, that is the crucial point for the endurance of European Union
Open Access
Ecosystem Service Evaluation for Landscape Design: The Project of a Rural Peri-Urban Park as a Node of the Local Green Infrastructure
(AESOP, 2019) Allocco, Marco; Murgese, Davide; Quaglio, Giorgio; Salizzoni, Emma
Green Infrastructure (GI) multifunctionality – namely the capacity to deliver a wide range of Ecosystem Services (ES) – is one of the main GI planning principles. It is for this reason that the integration between GI and ES concepts and approaches is increasingly tested. This paper presents the outcomes of an applied research that took up the challenge of implementing GI at the local level through the landscape design of a peri-urban rural park (Chieri, Italy) conceived as a GI node. The park’s project was based on the evaluation of ES, that allowed to highlight the ES performance of alternative design choices and to support the GI design towards multifunctionality. Eventually, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes were defined in order to foster the implementation of the park’s project. The research, thus: (i) puts in action a multiscalar approach, translating at the local level, through landscape design, GI planning indications; (ii) promotes GI multifunctionality based on a “place-based” vision, that is through the assessment of local features, highlighting the actual area’s potential to provide ES and the existing ES trade-offs; (iii) identifies PES as a tool for increasing the effectiveness of GI implementation.
Open Access
Územní Plánování vs. Generalbebauungsplanung: A Comparison of Planning Concepts and Practices between the former Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic
(AESOP, 2019) Arzmi, Azmah
While there is no denying that the Soviet Union had great influence over the patterns of urban growth and development of land in Central and East European countries in the 20th century, yet a qualitative comparison of how each country defined urban planning and spatial planning during their state socialist regime have not been examined in depth. The nuances in meanings would reveal local perspectives on how the planning process operated in each respective country, thus unfolding the unique trajectory path of each city based on its location and importance within the country even after the transition to post-socialism. The aim of this paper is to expose the particularities of planning practices in Czechoslovakia compared to the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and to explain the differences in urban development in strategically located cities of East Berlin and Bratislava. The first part of this paper introduces the definitions and concepts of urban planning in the Czech, Slovak and German context and how they evolve throughout the four decades of various planning and building stages during state socialism. Then it discusses the concept of spatial planning and the instruments used respectively in each country. The third part will then demonstrate how these concepts and instruments were applied in an important aspect of planning infrastructure, the nationwide transportation network, and its influence on growth in East Berlin and Bratislava.
Open Access
Built Commons: Reclaiming the Sharing Economy
(AESOP, 2019) Petkova, Ioana
The advance of distributed computing research in the U.S. during the 1990s led to the conception of novel channels for subletting surplus space right after the burst of the U.S. housing bubble. The coincidence of the new technologies with the biggest increase in house prices (1990-2008) resulted in a new sharing culture which we know today as the “sharing economy”. This paper suggests that even if sharing platforms today are failing by exacerbating the housing crises around the globe, they could provoke other alter-sharing practices. The paper aims to reevaluate the sharing economy in relation to housing and in particular, its spatial implications. It looks into historical nondigital stranger-shared housing precedents and their architectures by deploying the theoretical framework of the commons as autonomous, resilient grassroots sharing networks. Finally, it explores contemporary online listing accounts looking for spatial evidence for both the effects of the sharing economy today and the potential emergence of alter-sharing practices. While regarding housing as a resource, it speculates if the pressures of its ever-growing scarcity and unaffordability could lead to the emergence of a collective political action.
Open Access
White Revolution: Planning Soft Transition to State Socialism
(AESOP, 2019) Zaferani, Azadeh A.
1963 to 1979 marks a period in the history of Iran when the country went through a massive speedy development, a program that is often referred to as The White (bloodless) Revolution. This revolution was a socio-political transition that had land reforms, urban/rural developments, welfare, women rights, health and education at its core. Albeit, for scholars and involved parties, a sixteen-year program of reform was a megalomaniac endeavor that, in spite of its claims, mainly served the political agendas of the King in relation to local and international Leftist threats. In order to pilot this plan correctly, many efforts were made to question the project and pave a reasonable landing for it. The ICA 70 or International Congress of Architects in 1970 was one of such effort that invited experts to Iran to collaborate with the ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, as well as the Association of Iranian Architects, in order to tie development plans to the international context. This happened through a process of questioning the relationship between the traditional (national) architecture of Iran and architectural practices abroad. Among the participants were Paul Rudolph, B.Fuller, George Candilis, Otto Hann, Yoshinobu Ashihara, Philip Will Jr, M. Oswald Ungers and Louis Kahn. Four years after ICA70, the second International Congress of Architecture took place in an attempt to discuss the effect of urbanization in Iran and other industrializing countries at a regional level. This round, Moshe Safdie, Josep Lluis Sert, Kenzo Tange and B.K Doshi were additional members. The outcome of this symposium was the “Charter of Habitat Rights,” which was edited by the group and presented by the government of Iran to the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements in Vancouver in 1976. As a result of these congresses, the government of Iran hired many of the mentioned architects as active agents in urban planning reforms during The White Revolution. This paper will mainly focus on semi realized and unrealized projects that were the result of such interactions; projects that are reminiscent of a futuristic vision for a city in transition that ultimately remained on paper because of the Islamic Marxist revolution of 1979. Study of this meticulous planning, however, can reveal the current landscape of jump cut urban developments in Iran.
Open Access
Whose heritage? Challenges coming from turning cities as tourist places
(AESOP, 2019) Calmeiro, Margarida Relvão; Gonçalves, Adelino
The tertiarisation of society along the second half of the 20th century and the correlated growth of culture and leisure industries created an unprecedented pressure for change on historic centres, creating paradoxical relations between tourism, heritage preservation and urban development. This model of development provided a more intense cross-cultural confrontation, with the corresponding differences in recognition of heritage(s) values. This paper intends to discuss the transformation of heritage from 'shared heritage' into 'consumer good' cross-checking its effects on middle-sized cities Portuguese. The desertification, abandonment and degradation of the old areas created the challenge of their repopulation and their reuse. In turn, tourism has provided reuse of buildings and built new social and cultural dynamics, making it necessary to discuss how can one preserve the values and meanings of historic centres, and for whom. Recently, the Portuguese government has created fundamental changes in housing, rental and rehabilitation policies, with specific financial and legal instruments. However, their effects have not prevented the emergence of local challenges in housing law because of tourism, nor have they contributed to the promotion of new social constructions associated with heritage(s) understood as shared heritage(s). That is, public investment has not been able to enhance the heritage of the historic centres as good of public interest. For its part, the 'touristification' shows it has the power to catalyse its rehabilitation but implies changes that we intend to discuss focusing the perspective of who visits and who lives and assessing the losses and the gains for the communities.
Open Access
The Aniene River: a green infrastructure to set up a metropolitan strategy
(AESOP, 2019) D’Ascanio, Romina; Palazzo, Anna Laura
The latest territorial government tools have embedded green infrastructure with the aim to preserve the natural character and to stimulate regeneration processes of public open space and social cohesion, especially in peri-urban areas, where suburbs melt with agricultural and natural landscapes, and along the rivers, often neglected. This contribution will investigate the preparatory works for the new General Master Plan of Tivoli. A special focus is about the Aniene River as a potential Green Infrastructure, capable of restoring continuity to the ecological and functional fragmentation of landscapes heavily compromised by urban growth and production pressure. During the last decades, peri-urbanization and industrialization phenomena in these areas have ignored the river basin. The results are features of brownfields, industrial archaeology sites, informal settlements whereas open space is abandoned or unfittingly occupied by landfills, junkyards, brownfields. The Aniene River system boasts a relevant geographical dimension in order to test a strategic metropolitan governance able to address different sectoral issues. In this direction, the Aniene River Contract, that has recently started its official process, complements the traditional planning tools and represents a main opportunity for participatory processes where the community turns out to be central.
Open Access
Digital participatory planning tools helpful side and side effects
(AESOP, 2019) Shahin, Anas
Participatory planning is one of the latest directions of the urban planning field which began in the second half of the 20th century. Participatory planning back then used old fashion ways in doing so. Lately, urban planners start using digital participatory planning tools. These tools start to get spread worldwide for their help in the urban planning process. In the same time urban planners start having concerns regarding these tools and their side effects. One of these concerns is the issue of data privacy in digital participatory planning tools. This paper will explore the helpful side of digital participatory planning tools and their role in improving the urban planning process. Second, it discusses one of the side effects of these tools that is the issue of data privacy. Third, trying to find a solution for this issue and its side effects. The Swiss city of Zug experimented a solution which could be a possible solution. The experience of international experts of digital participatory planning tools spread worldwide will be collected. Once these tools are closer to solving their issues, these tools can be upgraded significantly in a way opens up a wide advancement towards effective urban planning
Open Access
Book of abstracts : Planning for Transition, Venice 9-13th July
(AESOP, 2019)
Contemporary cities and territories face significant challenges – natural disasters due to climate change impacts, ecological crises, growing socio-economic unrest, global migration, political rifts including a rise of right wing factions, ambitious public works and mega-projects – all of which require new capacities in dealing with such individual and multiple groupings of such challenging and profound changes. It is a matter of fact that at international level a discourse if not a condition of transition is pervading sectors and societies. This discourse points to alternative patterns and solutions to many of the challenges faced. A quickly changing scenario requires forms of planning, both locally and globally, which bear the capacity to support and manage mutable urban and environmental conditions. In fact, although cities do incessantly change, policy-makers and institutions are never fully prepared to respond to complex and risky situations, as well as relying on planning and policy tools which are often outdated; in addition, also existing theoretical frameworks, concepts, cognitive abilities and approaches become ineffective or outmoded. Each unintended or unanticipated change comes as a break to existing social, political, and administrative routines and yet is may be anticipated that mechanisms of collective reflection and action will be generated. The congress invites scholars and practitioners to present and discuss case-studies of cities and projects that have engaged in meeting challenging situations – supporting transitions in urban contexts. Specifically, it is aimed at offering an understanding of the forms of knowledge, concepts, tools, and skills needed to plan and address transition. Furthermore, it seeks to explore whether (and how) managing such changes has brought any overall reconsideration of the city design model and towards more general institutional reconfigurations. The book collects all the abstracts presented at the Aesop Venice 2019 conference. It is articulated in chapters that correspond to the tracks (16) and special sessions proposed