2014 Sustainability in heritage protected areas

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A design proposal for Place Anatole France
(AESOP, 2014) Khawaja, Hadeel
During my studies in Polytech Tours for the Master Programme Planning and Sustainability, we were asked to deliver a conceptual design proposal of developing Place Anatole France- Tours. The project was supervised by Prof. Laura Verdelli under the unit of Heritage and Sustainable development. Each group - made up of four students - had worked on a different proposal, with altered approaches to analyse the project components. This article is devoted to briefly explaining how we understood the project and what is the suggested proposal for developing Place Anatole France. Our concept design proposal suggests: unifying the space and creating interactive nodes within the site boundary would add a new experience to Place Anatole France. The group members are: Abinaya Rajavelu (India), Manasvini Hariharan (India), Alice Frantz Schneider (Brazil) and myself Hadeel Khawaja (Jordan). The design proposal was divided into three main phases: –– Phase ‘A’ focused on understanding the project through thorough site analysis and divided into three divisions: 1) its urban fabric, 2) studying the previous proposals already made by the municipality/developers for the site area and 3) notes of the site users. –– Phase ‘B’ focused on coming up with observations influenced by the site analysis. –– Phase ‘C’ is the concept design proposal. Starting with Phase (A), the urban fabric had examined four components; the thoroughfares, the landscape and streetscape, the building types around the site, and the open public spaces.
Open Access
Approche historique de la Place Anatole France, un espace en contact permanent avec l’histoire A historical approach to the Anatole France Square: an urban space in permanent contact with history
(AESOP, 2014) Durdevic, Jan; Lamirault, Valentin
Anatole France Square is a public space in the oldest part of the city of Tours. Through the centuries it has undergone many changes, but its unique historical wealth and identity are inseparable from those of the city of Tours as a whole. The purpose of this short chapter is to briefly trace its history. During the Celtic era, the Tours region – called ‘Touraine’ - was occupied by the Gallic people of Turones, so Anatole France Square was probably an agricultural site with orchards. Tours was founded following the Roman annexation of Gaul in 52 BC. The area now covered by the Anatole France Square was not included in the first settlement, implanted in the present Saint-Gatien neighbourhood. In the medieval era, Tours, like many contemporary cities, was divided into two distinct urban centres: the Cité and the Châteauneuf. Even though the square did not belong to either of these neighbourhoods, an abbey dedicated to St. Julien was located on its perimeter and the successive enlargements of the abbey since 1240 are still partly visible. During the Hundred Years War, to defend Tours against the English, the ancient walls of the Cité and the Châteauneuf were replaced by a new wall which enveloped the area now known as Anatole France Square.
Open Access
Architecture with architects: urban proposals for three villages in the province of Tarragona, Spain
(AESOP, 2014) Peralta Zaragoza, Anna
land in Spain; by 2006 that had increased to 1.014.000 hectares, almost doubling urbanization in 20 years. Thousands of hectares of rural land have disappeared by applying a model of city-building with many shortcomings, such as priority for traffic above people, poorly used public space, mono-functional areas and low density. As a result there are sustainability problems (both environmental and economic), inefficient public transport, bad quality of the public realm and loss of ‘place identity’. This study focusses on the fact that there still exist a large amount of land with an approved urban plan with the same deficient characteristics. This article shows the conclusions of a study of some villages in the province of Tarragona by students and professors from La Salle architecture school in Barcelona, on alternative ways for planning our built up areas. The aim was to establish a balance between both the history and the culture of the settlement and between high environmental quality and functional issues. The research project has resulted in a new method of interpreting and projecting the settlement and its landscape, which could be more widely applied.
Open Access
City Deep, River Wide: shifting axes changing perceptions of the upper rue Nationale
(AESOP, 2014) Basic, Jasmina; Stroud, Alfie; Peralta Zaragoza, Anna; Sitarz, Anna
The topic of the 5th European Urban Summer School – ‘Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development’ – gave us our prompt for getting to know Tours. It told us that the city has valuable assets but that it should be adapted to the contemporary and future needs of its users. Indeed, there’s a lot going on in Tours. It has an evidently rich built heritage and, maybe even more valuable, the natural heritage of the river Loire. However, an over obsessive preservation of aspects of its heritage could risk Tours becoming a museum, which would not provide sustainable circumstances for a place for people live and work. This premise is why we came together in the city to talk about it. Our approach to researching this urban area was to explore potentials of the characteristics we found in it, and to show the richness of the whole area. We acquired a strong feeling from our growing acquaintance with the place that everything it needs already exists, but just needs to be reinterpreted to improve the urban life of its users. Tours does not want to become a museum but rather a sustainable urban entity. To that end, there’s no need necessarily to build something new, or to change everything that already exists. The research we summarise in this paper would like to illustrate that sometimes it is enough to change our perception and try to see things in a different way. In this way, they become new and can provoke alternative responses for guiding the processes of change. At the same time, it is the method that preserves our heritage.
Open Access
Community participation for heritage conservation
(AESOP, 2014) Cimadomo, Guido
Urban development is always related to social transformation. This can be seen in several examples through history, from the French “luxury polemic” of the 18th century, discussing where new real estate should be developed, through the Grossstadt discussion at the beginning of the 20th century about the relevance of the masses, up to the 1968 social protests, when the theory of Lefebvre about the “right to the city”, gave a new interest to the quality of everyday life (Secchi 2013:7). In the last of these, there is an implicit new role for ‘the ordinary citizen’, who became an important stakeholder in the development and regeneration of urban regions. During the seventies several attempts to strengthen the role of citizens in urban planning and design developments were attempted, notably the ones by Yona Friedman and Giancarlo de Carlo, but they did not reach a wide audience, and tended to be only limited, single experiences (Cimadomo, 2014a). They did, however, show the necessity to get the citizen’s opinion and get to know their needs, as a relevant social act in any design and urban transformation intervention, considering not the administration, but the citizens themselves as the real clients. The weight of the real estate and subprime lending components in the financial crisis at the beginning of this century had, and still has, a great impact on the lives of millions of people. In particular, cuts in welfare benefits have generated protests everywhere, giving a renewed importance to the role of citizens in policy-making. The 15M movement in Spain, or Occupy Wall Street in the United States, just to mention two, constitute a profound transformation and a point of no return in the way public policies are administered. Such movements have also had an effect on urban transformation, leading to a more bottom-up approach to, and the participation of, ordinary citizens in the planning process.
Open Access
Culture de l’eau et projet de paysage: annotations pour une réflexion (Water Culture and Landscape Project: reflective notes)
(AESOP, 2014) Ercolini, Michele
The map of historical human settlements, with a few exceptions, corresponds to the one of the rivers and waterfronts of the world. At the origin of everything, always, and despite everything is: water. Rivers have shaped the landscape over the centuries. They have signified important means of communication and, at the same time, constraints. Natural fords have determined the direction of roads. Writers, painters and poets that have described and enjoyed the rivers, led them to be loved by revealing what can be seen of their forms. One of the cornerstones of the European Declaration for a ‘New Water Culture’, introduced and signed in Madrid in February 2005, refers to the ‘cultural values’ of water territories. Rivers are presented as a natural heritage that hosts territorial and collective identity values; they are referred to as the soul of many landscapes and of many human communities that lived near their banks for hundreds or thousands of years. The ecological and landscape functions generated by the rivers, as well as the cultural, social and functional values should be recognized and cherished. Renzo Franzin alerts us on the fact that: “We can identify today, particularly in the most water-rich countries, a gradual disappearance of the Culture of water, although it had produced along the centuries a knowledge rich in signs and crafts, all aware of the amazing and valuable aspect of this resource, that was run as a heritage to safeguard and develop in a wise utilitarian vision, limiting wastes and risks”
Open Access
Development planning and evaluation: stakeholders, vision, actions
(AESOP, 2014) Đokić, Irena
Since his existence, man has made plans1. In the very beginning, planning was about solving existential issues – the need for food and a place to shelter. Ancient nations (Greek, Romans and others) planned towns in the widest sense of the word, the management of space, land, ownership and providing services to citizens2. They planned places in which they lived, streets as corridors of movement, squares as festive places/ places of celebrations, pyramids in which people were buried. They also cared about the living space (habitat), art-cultural and sport facilities and economic activities, aiming at managing all aspects of people’s life (Đokić et al., 2010). Therefore some notion of planning is known to any reader even with only a basic idea of what it encompasses; today it is almost impossible to live without a prepared or at least roughly sketched plan. Everyday life is characterised by planning. We plan how much time we want to spend sleeping, which food we will eat, how we are going to spend our leisure time, whether we have sufficient sources to ensure basic living needs, etc. It is therefore not surprising that planning is the basis for the efficient management of much more complex systems such as schools, hospitals, firms, towns, ministries, and finally states.
Open Access
Heritage Conservation, Sustainable Communities & Tourism Strategies: case studies from Taiwan
(AESOP, 2014) Cexiang, Foo
Within the current climate of macroeconomic uncertainty, social unrest and global environmental risks, nation states have worked furiously but often with little consensus on the sustainable development agenda. Instead of relying solely on nation states and politicians, this paper argues for resilient local communities to drive this agenda from the local level by developing sustainable local economies, strong social networks and environmentally friendly ways of life. This bottom-up approach will complement any top-down Government or inter-Governmental agenda, but cannot be replaced by the latter. We are guided by the American philosopher Lewis Mumford (1938) in our definition of resilient local communities: “We must create in every region people who will be accustomed, from school onwards, to humanist attitudes, cooperative methods, rational controls. These people will know in detail where they live: they will be united by a common feeling for their landscape, their literature and language, their local ways, and out of their own self-respect they will have a sympathetic understanding with other regions and different local peculiarities. They will be actively interested in the form and culture of their locality, which means their community and their own personalities.” This means that resilient local communities are made up of people steeped in the local heritage.
Open Access
Integrative Urban Design Game: a method for sustainable regeneration of built cultural heritage
(AESOP, 2014) Mrđenović, Tatjana
Urban regeneration is challenged by the contradictory impact of globalization. This double- sided process can enrich local communities or leave them at the margins of global society. In the wake of globalization, most authorities claim that urban planning and design are in a paradigm crisis. This crisis is a forewarning for the need for a paradigm shift in contemporary theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the common elements of which are: ‘soft and hard infrastructure’, ‘agencies and structures’, ‘power to’, ‘new rationality’, ‘common sense’, ‘communicative action’ and ‘integrative development’. This research will examine the extended role of urban design to also become an integrating instrument in urban regeneration processes and provide a holistic development of the areas involved. Understood as a process of space creation, urban design with its different process dimensions, from subjective-expressive, multidisciplinary to socio-collaborative, can offer creative solutions in the regeneration process and globalization challenges using innovative methods like Integrative urban design.
Open Access
La Rentrée: bringing life back to the interface between city & river
(AESOP, 2014) Alexis, Nasos; Hotakainen, Tiina; Singh, Gautam; Maas, Suzanne
The city of Tours, the principal town in the Loire valley, famous for its cultural and natural heritage, was the chosen venue for the 5th European Urban Summer School, focusing on the contradictions between heritage conservation and urban sustainability. In our group assignment we were asked to research a particular site in the city centre: the area comprising the upper part of the centre’s main artery, the Rue Nationale, the inner quarters to the west and east, and the adjacent Place Anatole France (see Figure 1), together forming the interface between the city, the river and its people. The study site has changed significantly over the past hundred years. In the 18th century, King Louis XV commissioned the creation of the Rue Nationale, forming a northsouth connection cutting through the city of Tours as part of the road from Paris to Spain.
Open Access
Le haut de la rue Nationale à Tours - un projet urbain ambitieux porté par l’Agence d’Urbanisme
(AESOP, 2014) Tanguay, Céline
The upper rue National in Tours: an ambitious urban project supported by L’Agence d’Urbanisme Place Anatole France at the top of the rue Nationale, has a symbolic and heritage value. It was between 1743 and 1751 that a bridge was built over the Loire, its route determined by the creation of the new road to Spain on a North-South axis. These great works established the two places on either side of the bridge, square Choiseul on the North and square Anatole France on the South. In 2000, the L’Agence d’Urbanisme de l’Agglomération de Tours (ATU) produced a first report on the future development of Anatole France in which accommodating the car in an underground carpark was a major feature. This was revised in 2002, when a broader and more balanced future vision for a change of use for this public space was set out. This involved setting out possible programmes and researching the relevant layout and forms of the Square. This required the amendment of the Conservation Area Plan and the redefinition of its scope so as to introduce the development of the whole old city centre into the plans. The ATU has developed several design concepts that have in common the demolition of the commercial existing areas (approximately 2,500 m2), the re-valuation of the Saint-Julien church and the opening of the School of Fine Arts. The projects also aimed to reduce the impact of the car, to reorganize part of the parking lots and to give back space to pedestrians and visitors. The studies for the new tramway line (after 2007) have corroborated these initial ideas. In 2010, the ATU published “The top of the rue Nationale” in two-volumes, “History of place” and “Destruction and reconstruction.” These documents helped to put the unique status of this urban space into a time perspective.
Open Access
More tours in Tours
(AESOP, 2014) Schroeder, Liesa; De Weger, Julie; Navarro, Fernando; Beg, Marija
Tours is the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. For tourists it is a stop-off during their visit to the Loire Valley. For locals it is the place they live with varying levels of permanency. For students who study there, it is a place of temporary (yet often strong) affiliation. Each of these groups contributes to the city as a living formative influence and each of them uses the city in a different way. Therefore, the city is partly characterized by its users. Furthermore, Tours is a Roman city Caesarodunum; it is a pilgrimage route; it is a Medieval city; it is the birthplace of the Renaissance in France; it is the city for royal ceremonies with French axial symmetry; it is a bombarded city scarred by wars, especially the last one and finally, it is the city that has been rebuilt. Tours is all that, but also none of that. It is the city of today, yet still comprises all those layers that have been added down the centuries. Accordingly, the city is partly characterized by the contradictions of past and present. At last, Tours is a part of the Loire Valley UNESCO Heritage Site. This institutionalized protective measure should help some areas to deal with inevitable changes in the modern world, but there is a risk of preventing further development by preserving and monumentalizing the existing situation. Ironically, what we try to protect now, we wouldn’t have even had if we had preserved it in today’s way centuries ago!
Open Access
Notes on the 5th EUSS and the proceedings : Preface
(AESOP, 2014) Verdelli, Laura
As time seems to fly faster every day, human beings feel the necessity to preserve, develop and even showcase cultural heritage so as to conserve points of reference of our identities and evidence of our individualities. At the same time, this fast developing - and decaying - world imposes another necessity: to develop and preserve our social, economic and ecological environment, to achieve what is commonly called ‘sustainable development’. This means that in all our historic cities, heritage concerns and sustainable development are two essentials to take into account whilst conceiving any spatial development project, but they are not always obviously compatible. The essential and challenging difficulty to conciliate the two was the basic concept of the 5th European Urban Summer School (EUSS). This edition of the EUSS aimed to set a platform to discuss issues where heritage conservation and sustainable development can meet. Has heritage conservation to be strictly framed? Do we have to choose between places to admire and places to experience? What does the application of sustainable development pillars imply in spatial planning and especially in urban design? The EUSS, with a series of seminars and workshops, aimed to bring together young planners and academics so as to benefit from international creativity. The goal was to create a platform where each participant could experience combining theoretical approaches and operational urban design. At the basis of the EUSS programme was the intention of showing participants as many sides of a complex stakeholders’ environment as possible. That’s why the many lecturers invited to speak were firstly specialists of heritage conservation (so as to structure the framework, a-spatially) and secondly from all possible categories of users and decision-makers (specifically related to the project site): politicians, technicians, professionals, architects/planners, associations, shopkeepers, inhabitants, individuals etc.
Open Access
Patrimoine, développement durable et habitat au sein des secteurs sauvegardés (Heritage, Sustainable Development and Social Diversity: what is the place of housing and the inhabitant in urban preservation areas in France?)
(AESOP, 2014) Armellini, David
This paper looks at the relationship between heritage protection and housing and social diversity in so-called Preservation Areas (‘les secteurs sauvegardes’) in historic centres in French cities. An important turning point in heritage protection in France was the ‘Malraux Act’ of 1962, establishing preservation areas in the historic centres in 104 cities and towns of different sizes, one of which, of course, is Tours. This Act and subsequent laws and decrees have had a major positive impact with regard to its main objective. It was essentially a planning law aimed at preserving historic city centres with the use of use of planning tools, such as the Plan Local d’Urbanisme (PLU), and financial incentives such as tax exemption and state and local subsidies. The result was that these areas improved radically from the general post-war image of unhealthy, shabby areas to architecturally and aesthetically pleasant and economically buoyant areas, with white-collar, middle-income professional classes well represented and successful cultural and commercial activities, especially from tourism: gentrification and ‘touristification’ with a good social diversity. However, gradually in the course of time, the stringent regulations for the physical preservation of these areas, often rather uncoordinated from different ministries and regional and local authorities, because of their complexity and expense, began to have more negative impacts.
Open Access
Public Spaces with Cultural Value: the case of Heraklion
(AESOP, 2014) Nasos, Alexis
As cities march on into the 21st century, they are faced with great challenges in all aspects of urban governance. Particularly during times of crisis, defining priorities becomes increasingly difficult as well as risky, and authorities are required to exceed their usual agendas in order to successfully address complex issues. In such a context, promoting the issue of the preservation of architectural and urban heritage might seem a triviality. But is it possible to legitimately argue in favour of disregarding the value of cultural components within a modern city? Martin Meade [1] points out the “instances where buildings, villages or whole towns have been destroyed deliberately, in order to deprive populations or ethnic groups of their sense of cultural identity” as evidence of the impact the built environment can have on the qualitative attributes of communities and thus, on whole nations. The case study, which is analysed in this paper, is an example of how undermining the relationship between the built environment and the historic and cultural consciousness of its inhabitants can lead large parts of the population to discard traditional values. The result is a switch towards adopting superficial practices and lifestyles, effectively creating problems that can even magnify the consequences of a financial crisis.
Open Access
Quelques réflexions sur une possible évaluation des impacts des politiques culturelles et patrimoniales appliquées au Val de Loire (Some reflections on an evaluation of the impacts of cultural and heritage policies in the Val de Loire)
(AESOP, 2014) Verdelli, Laura
To assess the impact that heritage policies have on territories is not simple and the different indicators and descriptors do not appear very concrete. Experts designated by the UK and French governments to analyse and measure the impact of cultural factors on recent developments in this area insist that an accurate evaluation is impossible because reliable, clear, obvious and relevant indicators do not exist, at least not yet. To guide us through the development of awareness on these issues, we relied on two Anglo-Saxon reports and their French equivalent. The first one, ‘The Contribution of Culture to regeneration in the UK: a review of evidence. A report of the Department for Culture Media and Sport’, was edited by Phyllida Shaw and Graeme Evans in January 2004. The second one results directly from the first and constitutes a sort of filiation, an update by the same authors, applied to a larger geographical area: ‘Arts and culture in regeneration’, published by The International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) in 2006. Their French equivalent is the report submitted by Xavier Greffe in May 2006 at the Ministry of Culture and Communication under the title ‘The mobilization of France’s cultural activities: from the cultural territorial attractiveness... to the culturally creative nation’. These three reports, or rather literature reviews, analysed what research has produced in this field, addressing issues related to the role of cultural activities in general urban development transformations and the impact that cultural ‘industries’ could have on their environments.
Open Access
Residential Stock Reconfiguration at Neighbourhood Level: from building retrofitting to sustainable development
(AESOP, 2014) Falaki, Farinaz
gases, including carbon dioxide, have already consigned the planet to an increase in average temperature of the Earth in recent years that may exceed the critical threshold of numerous unmanageable and irreversible consequences, such as abrupt change in the climate system (Espinosa, 2006). The effect of natural variability and, more importantly, human activities on global warming of our planet is the subject of a huge number of recent studies in the course of the past twenty years (Dietz et al., 1997), (Ramanathan et al., 2001), (Karl et al., 2003) & (McMichael et al., 2006). This has created a worldwide debate on this subject which is emphasizing the need for long-term reductions of CO2 emissions by various methods, especially through increased energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and many other lowcarbon strategies. Moreover, among the entire man-made factors resulting in CO2 emissions, infrastructures and specifically building stocks are considered to be one of the most effective of all (According to USGBC and Architecture2030 in the United States). On the other hand, the physical infrastructure in our neighbourhoods requires continual maintenance, repair, and significant upgrading to avoid falling into disrepair which causes economic, environmental and social costs. In doing so, in an integrated approach, we have the opportunity to address climate change adaptation, deliver reliable and efficient transport networks, improve health and well-being, secure a healthy natural environment, improve long-term housing supply, maximize employment opportunities and make our communities safer, more cohesive and more sustainable.
Open Access
Some examples of heritage conservation in India: “Intangible vocabulary ingrained in Indian urbanism” - case study of Chennai city
(AESOP, 2014) Sasidharan, Priya
Sustainability has never been contested as an exclusive domain on the Indian canvas as it has been an integral way of life through the chronology of urban evolution. Cultural settlements fostered by the community, legacy safeguarded by power dynamics and the accommodative assimilation of building contemporary identities have been the underlying context. Heritage conservation in the Indian context has its myriad pluralities that reverberate global outlook and echo the local fervour. From preservation of built environment through the legal framework to conservation practices by the community as historical traces and its vestiges present an interesting investigation. The temporality of such history bound spaces and places strikes discernible equilibrium with urban development either as a listed group of built spaces to be preserved or precincts to be conserved. The underlying chord of community adopted conservation adapted and modified sustainable strategies from traditional wisdom need showcasing. The restoration of the past does not pertain only to ‘museumising’ the historical legacy but to its extended lineage of reviving the passage of time tested sustainable practices and tradition that captures the true essence of heritage conservation and sustainable development.
Open Access
Supportive guidelines as a tool for the conception of Local Urban Plans
(AESOP, 2014) Riauté, Mélanie
Nowadays, building on unbuilt land and urbanization is a core issue. In France 600 km² of land are built on every year. In addition, the increase of built-up land is four times faster than population growth. This massive and probably unnecessary urbanization leads to a significant loss of agricultural and natural areas, which are essential to maintain. The urban environment is home to over more than half the world’s population, consumes about 75% of energy resources and generates 80% of greenhouse gas emissions. Urban areas, highly energy consuming, are increasing up every day, mainly at the expense of agricultural areas and contributes to the degradation of the ecological footprint. Moreover, the compactness that characterised the cities of the past has for many decades now been abandoned, as typified by the dormitory towns and tower blocks of the fifties. The city is, by definition, a place where you need to promote exchanges and interactions between residents in order to contribute to their further cultural and general development and progress. As urban planners, we have to ask ourselves the question: how can we build the sustainable city of tomorrow? What are the most effective urban forms to create an efficient city in terms of space and energy consumption, whilst respecting the lives, development, progress and culture of the people. This is a reality, the concern for sustainable development should not clash with architectural and landscape heritage. On the contrary, the principles of sustainable development must be carried out simultaneously with the redevelopment of the old neighbourhoods, which are often synonymous with urban environmental quality and liveability.
Open Access
Sustainability in heritage protected areas : Proceedings of the 5th AESOP European Urban Summer School Tours, France, from 1st – 8thSeptember 2014
(AESOP, 2014) Verdelli, Laura
The present book contains the proceedings of the fifth EUSS which took place in Tours, France, from 1st – 8thSeptember 2014, organised by the École Polytechnique de l’Université de Tours, Département Aménagement et Environnement (EPU-DAE). The theme.is ‘Heritage conservation and sustainable urban development’. It is the third and last of those including the papers of YPPA winners and sponsored by mI&M. The YPPA papers are those from the three winners: Fernando Navarro Carmona - elCASC - from Spain, Cexiang Foo from Singapore and Nasos Alexis from Crete, Greece, and from the runner-up Anna Peralta Zaragoza, also from Spain.Responsible for the 5th EUSS and for editing this publication is Laura Verdelli. The partner organisations are indebted to her for her huge efforts to make both the Summer School and this book a success. Tours has proved itself a worthy case study for examining the theme of heritage and sustainability as this book shows. We hope you enjoy and get some new ideas from reading its content. The 5th EUSS / 3rd YPPA have once again confirmed that a few days of intensive interaction, hard work and fun can produce many useful new ideas from, and friendships amongst, young planning professionals and tutors from diverse countries who participated and have contributed to this book. EUSS will continue. All partners are very grateful for the support of the Dutch ministry the past three years, achieved by integrating the YPPA into its proceedings. The books represent a tangible and lasting reflection of the information and knowledge generated. Without them, a lot of that knowledge could easily just fade into the past with a minimum of impact. It is our hope that we will be able to continue with the series of publications from the following Summer Schools.